A pilot examination of the validity of stylus and finger drawing on visuomotor-mediated tests on ACEmobile

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographics information of the AD and control groups.

	Control (n = 23)	AD (n = 26)	Test Statistic
Age (y) – n, mean (SD) [min, max]	22, 71.7 (5.9) [60.9, 80.7]	26, 76.3 (6.7) [62.2, 89.1]	2.49 (p = 0.016)
Gender, male	12 (52.0)	18 (69.2)	1.50 (p = 0.22)
Dominant hand, right	21 (95.5)	18 (85.7)	1.21 (p = 0.27)
Tablet experience – n, median (IQR) [min, max]	23, 3 (1, 8) [1, 10]	26, 1 (1, 4) [1, 10]	0.92 (p = 0.36)
Degree, yes	7 (30.4)	11 (42.3)	0.74 (p = 0.39)
ACE-III total score – n, median (IQR) [min, max]	23, 96 (91, 98) [79, 100]	26, 73.5 (59, 80) [37, 90]	5.56 (p < 0.001)
Estimated FSIQ – n, mean (SD), [min, max]	23, 109.5 (10.75), [83.4, 122.5]	26, 110.3 (9.4), [88.3, 122.5]	0.28 (p = 0.78)

Age, FSIQ – t-test

Gender, dominant hand, degree – chi-squared

Tablet experience, ACE-III total – Mann Whitney U

Table 2. Statistical comparison between methods of test administration.

	Mean	Median	SD	r (p)	Z	p
Pencil vs Stylus (n = 39)
Pencil	8.07	8	1.8	0.62 (<0.001)	−0.96	0.34
Stylus	7.67	9	2.8
Pencil vs Finger (n = 44)
Pencil	8.14	8	1.84	0.55 (<0.001)	−2.02	0.044
Finger	7.50	8	2.32

Table 3. Performance of the stylus and finger against pencil – n (%).

Test	Method	Matched Scores	Pencil performed worse	Pencil performed better
Infinity loop	Stylus (n = 40)	34 (85.0)	3 (7.5)	3 (7.5)
	Finger (n = 47)	38 (80.9)	3 (6.4)	6 (12.8)
Cube	Stylus (n = 40)	26 (65.0)	6 (15.0)	8 (20.0)
	Finger (n = 47)	31 (66.0)	4 (8.5)	12 (25.5)
Clock	Stylus (n = 40)	24 (60.0)	4 (10.0)	12 (30.0)
	Finger (n = 45)	26 (57.8)	5 (11.1)	14 (31.1)
Sentence writing	Stylus (n = 40)	21 (52.5)	10 (25.0)	9 (22.5)
	Finger (n = 45)	16 (35.6)	12 (26.7)	17 (37.8)