Effectiveness and Acceptability of Interventions Offered for Those Bereaved by Parental Loss to Suicide in Childhood: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review

Figures & data

FIGURE 1. PRISMA flow diagram.

TABLE 1. Summary of included studies and interventions (sorted by study design, and alphabetically by intervention).

Author, date, location	^1Intervention, classification (delivery mode)	Components	Control	Sample,^2 Participant ages, (% bereaved by parental suicide & their 2ages)	^3Outcome measures (timing of data collection)	Quantitative evidence of Effectiveness – Significant effects (p < 0.05) are presented in bold (effect size)	Qualitative evidence of Acceptability –Emerging themes (Qualitative approach)
(a) Quantitative: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) –
Thurman et al., 2017, South Africa	Abangane, selective (group)	Psychoeducation, CBT, grief therapy, and indigenous stories, songs, games, discussions re cultural death rituals, activities to farewell the deceased	Waitlist	382 bereaved female adolescents; 13-17yrs at intervention & study, M = 4.6yrs, SD = 3.9yrs, from loss to intervention, (< 3%)	IGTS ICG–RC CBI-G CES–DC BPM-P (pre- & 3mths post-intervention)	Intrusive Grief (small) Complicated Grief (small) Normative grief Depression (small) Externalizing (small to medium)	n/a
Boelen et al., 2021, Netherlands	CBT Grief-Help indicated (individual)	Psychoeducation, CBT with exposure therapy, trauma narrative construction and processing. Separate group counseling sessions provided for caregivers	Nondirective supportive counseling	134 bereaved children with elevated PGD symptoms; 8-18yrs, M = 13.1yrs, SD = 2.84: ages at intervention & study, M = 37.8mths, SD = 36.2mths, from loss to intervention (< 21%)	IPG-C CDI CPSS CBCL (pre- to post-, 3, 6, 12mth follow-ups)	PGD severity (small to medium: pre- to post-, & at 3mth) & (medium to large: at 6 & 12mth follow ups) Depression (small to medium) PTSS (small to medium) Internalizing (small to medium) Externalizing	n/a
Goldbeck et al., 2016, Germany	Tf-CBT, indicated (group)	Psychoeducation, CBT including trauma narrative construction and processing, affective modulation, exposure therapy, relaxation, separate and joint sessions with child & caregiver groups	Waitlist	159 children with experience of trauma, including traumatic loss, with elevated PTSS; 7-17yrs, M = 13.03, SD = 2.80yrs: ages at intervention, >3mths from trauma/ loss to intervention & trauma experienced when participant was >2yrs old, with reference made to participant bereaved 8 years prior, (< 2%)	CDI SCARED CBCL CAPS-CA, CPTCI, & UCLA-RI CGAS ILK (pre- to post-)	Depression (small to medium) Anxiety (small to medium) Internalizing (medium) Externalizing (small to medium) PTSS (small to medium) General psychosocial problems (medium) Quality of life: school, personal & social domains	n/a
(b) Quantitative: Pseudo-RCTs
Luecken et al., 2014, US	FBP, selective (group)	Family therapy: Psychoeducation, CBT, delivered in joint and separate group sessions for children and their caregivers	Self-study literature program	139 youth & young adults parentally bereaved in childhood;^4 8-16yrs at intervention, 3-28mths from loss to intervention, 14-23yrs: date of study (< 10%)	CBCL (pre- to post-, 3mth, 14mth, 6 yr follow-ups)	Externalizing (small to medium)	n/a
Schoenfelder et al., 2015, US	FBP	As above	As above	218 youth & young adults parentally bereaved in childhood;^4 8-16yrs at intervention, 4-30 months from loss to intervention, 14-23yrs: date of study (< 13%)	Future expectations scale School transcripts Possible jobs Scale (at 6 yr follow-up)	Educational expectations GPA Job aspirations	n/a
Sandler et al., 2016, US	FBP	As above	As above	218 (at 6yrs) & 209 (at 15yrs) youth & young adults parentally bereaved in childhood;^4 8-16yrs at intervention, 3-30 months from loss to intervention, 14-23yrs 6yrs post-test 23-32yrs 15yrs post-test (<13%)	CBCL YSR YABCL (at 6 yr & 15 yr follow-ups)	Suicide ideation & attempts (large - at 15yrs, and for findings at 6yrs & 15yrs combined) Not significant at 6yrs	n/a
Sandler et al., 2018, US	FBP	As above	As above	194 youth and young adults parentally bereaved in childhood;^4 As detailed above in Sandler 2016, at 15yrs	ASR YABCL CIDI SACA (at 15 yr follow-up)	Internalizing (small to medium) Externalizing (small to medium) Use of services for mental health problems (small to medium)	n/a
Danvers et al., 2020, US	FBP	As above	As above	152 young adults parentally bereaved in childhood;^4 As detailed above in Sandler 2016, at 15yrs	Physiological measures Self-rated emotional responses (at 15 yr follow-up)	Internalizing	n/a
(c) Quantitative: Quasi-experimental studies –
Spuij et al., 2015, Netherlands	CBT Grief-Help, indicated (individual)	Psychoeducation, CBT with exposure therapy, trauma narrative construction and processing. Separate group counseling sessions provided for caregivers	No control	10 bereaved children with elevated PGD symptoms, 10-18yrs at intervention/ study, 6–181mths post loss (≤ 60%)	IPG-C CDI CPSS CBCL (pre- to post-)	PGD severity (large) Depression (small to medium) PTSS (large) Internalizing Externalizing	n/a
Hill et al., 2019, US	MGT, indicated (individual)	Phase I: psychoeducation. Phase II: narrative construction, trauma-focused grief therapy, sharing loss narrative with caregiver. Caregiver-child exercises provided to improve their communication skills to help children process their grief	No control	65 bereaved children with elevated prolonged grief/ psychological distress, 6-17yrs at intervention/ study, 3-16yrs at loss, 1-84mths from loss to intervention (≤ 6%)	PCBD checklist UCLA-RI SMFQ (pre-, post-phase I, post-phase II)	MG reactions (Phase I: large & Phase II: medium to large) PTSS (Phase I: large & Phase II: medium to large) Depression (Phase I: large & Phase II: medium to large)	n/a
Davis & Tungol 2019, India	TAAT, indicated (group)	Psychoeducation, CBT, grief therapy, trauma processing, art therapy, mindfulness	No control	10 parentally bereaved female children with elevated prolonged grief/ psychological distress,12-17yrs at intervention/ study 8–60mths post loss (10%)	DASS-21 (pre- to post-)	Depression (large) Anxiety (large) Stress (large)	n/a
Herres et al., 2017, US	TGCT-A indicated (group)	Phase I: psychoeducation; Phase II: narrative construction and processing using trauma or grief therapeutic approaches, sharing narrative with group; Phase III: consolidation, promoting developmental progress.	No control	44 children with experience of loss-related or other trauma, with elevated PTSS or MG, M = 13.4yrs, SD=.78yrs, at intervention/ study Date of loss or other trauma not reported (< 9%)	BPC, SDQ, SMFQ, 8 grief items aligned with DSM-5, UCLA-RI (pre-) Self-rated top problem severity (pre-, post-Phase I, post-Phase II, post-Phase III)	Internalizing & externalizing - to examine covariance with MG & PTSS, and moderating effects on top problems’ rates of change Top problems (classified into internalizing & externalizing) (large)	n/a
(d) Quantitative: Descriptive observational research –
Daigle & Labelle, 2012, Canada	PCBS, selective (group)	Psychoeducation, CEBT including psychosocial activities, grief therapy, problem-solving, art and drama, and bibliotherapy components. Caregivers joined sessions for last 30mins to enhance family communication	No control	8 children bereaved by parental loss to suicide, 6-12yrs at intervention/ study Intervention provided as soon after loss as participants were willing, (100%)	Grief Scale BYI EQ-I: YV (pre- to post-)	MG reactions Depression Anxiety Internalizing Externalizing General mental health problems Quality of life: school, personal & social domains	n/a
(e) Mixed method research (MMR) –
Grassetti et al., 2015, US	TGCT-A, indicated (group)	Refer to components as set out for Herres et al., 2017, above	No control (Quantitative component - quasi-experimental study)	Refer to participant data as set out for Herres et al., 2017, above	8 grief items aligned with DSM-5 PCBD criteria SMFQ UCLA-RI (pre-, post-Phase I, post-Phase II, post-Phase III)	MG reactions (medium to large) Depression PTSS (medium to large)	n/a (MMR study design included qualitative data collection/ analysis of children’s narratives which was not reported. Rather, it was used by the researchers to allocate participants to trauma or grief therapeutic approaches)
Veale, 2014, Ireland	Children’s Bereavement Group, selective (group)	Psychoeducation, grief therapy utilizing artwork, physical activities, worksheets, activities to remember the deceased, storytelling, mindfulness, play components	No control (Quantitative component - descriptive observational study)	5 suicide bereaved children, 8-12yrs at intervention & study 1-4yrs from loss to intervention (60%: 8, 9 & 10yrs: ages at intervention/ study, 4, 8 & 9yrs: ages at loss)	Function Assessment CBCL Function Assessment & Social network/ relationship strength method, Semi-structured interviews (pre to post-, 6mth & 4 yr follow-ups)	MG reactions Internalizing Externalizing Quality of life: school, personal & social domains	Components Delivery Perceived utility: Grief responses: acceptance, meaning making, universality Psychological wellbeing: internalizing Quality of life: social domain Personal growth: altruism (Child-centric approach)
Griffiths et al., 2022, Australia	LHCK, selective (grief camp)	Psychoeducation and grief therapy, artwork, play, commemoration activities, mindfulness. Separate and joint sessions for children and caregivers	No control (Quantitative component - descriptive observational study)	12 children bereaved by caregiver loss, 5-12yrs at intervention/ study 1.5 - 66mths from loss to intervention (8%: 7yrs: at intervention/ study, 4yrs: age at loss)	IPG-C SDQ CSQ: closed & open questions Post-test: child & parent open-ended questionnaires (pre- to post-, & 6mth follow-up)	PGD symptoms Internalizing Externalizing Quality of life: social domain (small to medium)	Components Delivery Perceived utility: Psychological wellbeing: internalizing Quality of life: social domain Personal growth: gratitude/ positivity (Child- & parent- open-ended questioning)
(f) Qualitative studies
McClatchey & Wimmer 2012, US	Camp MAGIK, indicated (grief camp)	Trauma and grief-based focus, psychoeducation, artwork, reflection, memorial service, camp and play components. Separate caregivers’ psychoeducation workshop to help support children’s grief	n/a	19 children bereaved by caregiver loss with elevated PTSS and CTG symptoms^5 8-17yrs at intervention/ study, 1-48mths from loss to intervention, (11%: 16 & 17yrs: ages at intervention)	Semi-structured interviews with children and parents, (3 & 9mths post-intervention)^5	n/a	Components Relationships Perceived utility: Grief responses: acceptance, universality Psychological wellbeing: depression Quality of life: school domain Personal growth: improved self-concept (Phenomenology)
McClatchey et al., 2021,  US	Camp MAGIK	Refer to components as set out for McClatchey Wimmer, 2012, above	n/a	8 parentally bereaved adolescents/ young adults, who had attended camp & returned as volunteers, 10-17yrs at intervention, 16-18yrs when started as camp volunteers, 8-17yrs at loss, study interviews: within 2yrs of volunteering, (25%: − 11&15yrs at intervention, 8 & 15yrs at loss, >18 & >16yr at interview)	Semi-structured interviews (within 2yrs of volunteer experience)	n/a	Components Relationships Perceived utility: Grief responses: universality Quality of life: personal & social domains Personal growth: altruism, gratitude/ positivity, improved self-concept (Inductive content analysis)
Brewer & Sparkes, 2011, UK	Rocky Center, selective (residential weekends - grief camp)	Psychoeducation, grief counseling, groupwork sessions, play and social components, and activities in remembrance of deceased parents	n/a	13 parentally bereaved children/ young adults, <18yrs at intervention participation, 3-13yrs: ages at loss 9-25yrs: ages at interview (38%: 12-19yrs at interview, 3-13yrs at loss)	Overt researcher observation of Rocky Center participants spanning two years, in-depth interviews & archive analysis (2-15yrs post loss)	n/a	Components Perceived utility: Grief responses: universality Quality of life: personal & social domains Personal growth: altruism, gratitude/ positivity, improved self-concept (Ethnographic)
Koblenz, 2016, US	Therapist services Selective/ indicated interventions (individual)	Interventions components referred to by participants included individual therapy, grief therapy, bereavement-focused therapy, remembering the deceased, commemorative activities, group activities with other bereaved children	n/a	19 adults bereaved by childhood parental loss. 3-19yrs: ages at loss 19-39yrs: ages at interview (11%)	Unstructured open-ended group interviews	n/a	Components Relationships Perceived utility: Grief responses: acceptance, Psychological wellbeing: depression Personal growth: improved self-concept (Grounded theory)
Andriessen et al., 2019, Australia	Various specified types of interventions e.g. counselors, grief camps, psychiatry, psychologists, support groups selective/ indicated (individual, group, grief camps, & none)	Individual grief therapy, mental health support, counseling	n/a	39 adolescents & young adults bereaved in childhood by the loss of a loved one, 13-18yrs at loss, 13-27yrs at interview, 6mths–10yrs, M = 4.92yrs, SD = 3.08yrs, from loss to date of interview, (< 16%- 14-23yrs at interview)	Open-ended individual telephone interviews	n/a	Delivery Relationships Perceived utility: Grief responses: meaning making Psychological wellbeing: anxiety, depression, general mental health (Social constructionist)
Andriessen et al., 2022, Australia	Various specified types of interventions, e.g. psychologists, grief camps, support groups selective/ indicated (individual, group, grief camps, & none)	Psychoeducation, psychosocial support, professional community-based counseling, counseling provided at school; some interventions also incorporated family sessions		18 adolescents & young adults bereaved in childhood by the loss of a loved one to suicide, 12-18yrs at loss, 14-23yrs at interview, 1-9yrs, M = 3.72yrs, SD = 2.09yrs, from loss to date of interview, (61%- 14-23yrs at interview)	Open-ended individual telephone, or group face-face interviews	n/a	Components Delivery Relationships Perceived utility: Grief responses: acceptance Psychological wellbeing: general mental health, internalizing (Inductive content analysis)

(1) Intervention/ abbreviations: Abangane - translated as “friends” in isiZulu; Camp MAGIK = Mainly About Grief In Kids camp intervention; CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; CEBT = Cognitive Emotional Behavioral Therapy; CG = control condition group; FBP = Family Bereavement Program; IG = intervention group; LHCK = Lionheart Camp for Kids; MG = maladaptive grief; MGT = Multidimensional Grief Therapy; MMR = study applying mixed methodology; PCBS = Group Therapy Program for Children Bereaved by Suicide; PGD = prolonged grief disorder; PTSS = post-traumatic stress symptoms; Rocky Center = pseudonym applied by the researchers for this bereavement intervention; TAAT = Transactional Model of Acceptance Art Therapy; Tf-CBT = Trauma-focused CBT; TGCT-A = Trauma and Grief Component Therapy for Adolescents.

(2) Participant ages = Age range/ mean (M) age at date of intervention, age at date of loss or time from loss to intervention participation, and/ or age at study participation, if reported.

(3) Outcome measures: ASR = Adult Self-Report (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003); BPC = Brief Problem Checklist (Chorpita et al., 2010); BPM-P = Brief Problem Monitor-Parent Form - 19-item subset of the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach et al., 2011); BYI = Beck Youth Inventories of Emotional and Social Impairment (Beck et al., 2001); CAPS-CA = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (Nader et al., 1996); CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991a; Achenbach and Rescorla, 2004); CBI-G = Grief subscale of Core Bereavement Items (Burnett et al., 1997); CDI = Children’s Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992; Kovacs, 2003); CES–DC = 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale for Children (Faulstich et al., 1986; Children’s Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1997); CGAS = Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983); CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview (Robins et al., 1988); CPSS = Child PTSD Symptom Scale (Foa et al., 2001); CPTCI = Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (De Haan et al., 2016); CSQ = 10- item caregiver questionnaire adapted from Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (Larsen et al., 1979); DASS-21 = shorter Depression and Anxiety Stress Scales - 7 items per scale (Singh et al., 2013); Future Expectations Scale (Eccles, 1997); EQ-I:YV = BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (Bar-On & Parker, 2000); Function assessment (Bolton & Tang, 2002); GPA measured as average of core subject class grades from school transcripts for the year preceding 6 yr follow-up; Grief Scale constructed from grief descriptions by Worden (1991); ICG–RC = Inventory of Complicated Grief–Revised for Children (Prigerson et al., 1995; Melhem et al., 2013); IGTS = Intrusive Grief Thoughts Scale (Holland et al., 2013); ILK = Inventory of Quality of Life for Children (Mattejat & Remschmidt, 2006); IPG-C = Inventory of Prolonged Grief for Children (Prigerson et al., 1995; Prigerson et al., 2009); PCBD checklist = Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder Checklist (Layne et al., 2014); Physiological measures - Cardiac interbeat interval, cardiac pre-ejection period, and respiratory sinus arrythmia; Possible Jobs Scale (Tucker et al., 1997); SACA = Service Assessment for Children and Adolescents (Stiffman et al., 2000); SCARED = Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (Birmaher et al., 1999); SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997; Goodman et al., 1998); Self-rated emotional responses measures adapted from previously published studies of emotion regulation with similar tasks (for example, Shiota & Levenson, 2009); Self-rated top problem severity - participants identified and rated their top three problems in baseline-screening interviews and then rated the problems’ weekly severity at the start of each therapy session (Weisz et al., 2011); SMFQ = Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Angold et al., 1995); Social network/ relationship strength method, adapted from Family Links Map developed by Hogan et al. (2002); UCLA-RI = UCLA PTSD Reaction Index (Elhai et al., 2013; Pynoos et al., 1998; Steinberg et al., 2004); YABCL = Young Adult Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2003); YSR = Youth Self Report (Achenbach, 1991b).

(4) FBP research: 244 children and their caregivers from 156 bereaved families participated in original RCT (Sandler et al., 2003).

(5) McClatchey and Wimmer (2012): Intervention participation reported in quasi-experimental controlled study (McClatchey et al. 2009).

FIGURE 2. Quantitative evidence: Significant intervention effects. Organized by: (a) study design; (b) intervention type; and (c) participant ages at intervention/ research participation.

FIGURE 3. Perceived utility: Qualitative evidence. *Number of research studies that provided evidence for each theme.

Thurman, T. R., Luckett, B. G., Nice, J., Spyrelis, A., & Taylor, T. M. (2017). Effect of a bereavement support group on female adolescents’ psychological health: A randomised controlled trial in South Africa. The Lancet Global Health, 5(6), e604–e614. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30146-8

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Boelen, P. A., Lenferink, L. I. M., & Spuij, M. (2021). CBT for prolonged grief in children and adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(4), 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20050548

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Goldbeck, L., Muche, R., Sachser, C., Tutus, D., & Rosner, R. (2016). Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents: A randomized controlled trial in eight German mental health clinics. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(3), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442824

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Luecken, L. J., Hagan, M. J., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., Ayers, T. S., & Wolchik, S. A. (2014). Longitudinal mediators of a randomized prevention program effect on cortisol for youth from parentally bereaved families. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 15(2), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0385-7

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Schoenfelder, E. N., Tein, J. Y., Wolchik, S., & Sandler, I. N. (2015). Effects of the Family Bereavement Program on academic outcomes, educational expectations and job aspirations 6 Years later: The mediating role of parenting and youth mental health problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(2), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9905-6

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sandler, I., Tein, J. Y., Wolchik, S., & Ayers, T. S. (2016). The effects of the Family Bereavement Program to reduce suicide ideation and/or attempts of parentally bereaved children six and fifteen years later. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 46 (Suppl 1), S32–S38. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12256

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Sandler, I., Gunn, H., Mazza, G., Tein, J. Y., Wolchik, S., Kim, H., Ayers, T., & Porter, M. (2018). Three perspectives on mental health problems of young adults and their parents at a 15-year follow-up of the Family Bereavement Program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(10), 845–855. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000327

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Danvers, A. F., Scott, B. G., Shiota, M. N., Tein, J. Y., Wolchik, S. A., & Sandler, I. I. (2020). Effects of therapeutic intervention on parentally bereaved children’s emotion reactivity and regulation 15 years later. Prevention Science, 21(8), 1017–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01142-2

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Spuij, M., Dekovic, M., & Boelen, P. A. (2015). An open trial of ‘Grief-Help’: A cognitive-behavioural treatment for prolonged grief in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(2), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1877

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hill, R. M., Oosterhoff, B., Layne, C. M., Rooney, E., Yudovich, S., Pynoos, R. S., & Kaplow, J. B. (2019). Multidimensional Grief Therapy: Pilot open trial of a novel intervention for bereaved children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(11), 3062–3074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01481-x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Davis, S., & Tungol, J. R. (2019). The transactional model of acceptance art therapy (TAAT) among parentally bereaved female adolescents: A pilot study. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 178–181. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/transactional-model-acceptance-art-therapy-taat/docview/2316721835/se-2?accountid=17227

 Google Scholar

Herres, J., Williamson, A. A., Kobak, R., Layne, C. M., Kaplow, J. B., Saltzman, W. R., & Pynoos, R. S. (2017). Internalizing and externalizing symptoms moderate treatment response to school-based trauma and grief component therapy for adolescents. School Mental Health, 9(2), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-016-9204-1

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Daigle, M. S., & Labelle, R. J. (2012). Pilot evaluation of a group therapy program for children bereaved by suicide. Crisis, 33(6), 350–357. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000147

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Grassetti, S. N., Herres, J., Williamson, A. A., Yarger, H. A., Layne, C. M., & Kobak, R. (2015). Narrative focus predicts symptom change trajectories in group treatment for traumatized and bereaved adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 44(6), 933–941. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.913249

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Veale, A. (2014). Longitudinal evaluation of a therapeutic group work intervention with suicide-bereaved children. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 35(4), 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2015.1058177

 Google Scholar

Griffiths, N., Mazzucchelli, T. G., Skinner, S., Kane, R. T., & Breen, L. J. (2022). A pilot study of a new bereavement program for children: Lionheart Camp for Kids. Death Studies, 46(4), 780–790. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1702121

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

McClatchey, I. S., & Wimmer, J. S. (2012). Healing components of a bereavement camp: Children and adolescents give voice to their experiences. Omega, 65(1), 11–32. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.65.1.b

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

McClatchey, I. S., King, S., & Domby, E. (2021). From grieving to giving: When former bereavement campers return as volunteers. Omega, 84(1), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222819886734

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Brewer, J., & Sparkes, A. C. (2011). Parentally bereaved children and posttraumatic growth: Insights from an ethnographic study of a UK childhood bereavement service. Mortality, 16(3), 204–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2011.586164

 Google Scholar

Koblenz, J. (2016). Growing from grief: Qualitative experiences of parental loss. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 73(3), 203–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815576123

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Hill, N. T. M., Reifels, L., Robinson, J., Reavley, N., & Pirkis, J. (2019). Effectiveness of interventions for people bereaved through suicide: A systematic review of controlled studies of grief, psychosocial and suicide-related outcomes. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2020-z

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Andriessen, K., Krysinska, K., Rickwood, D., & Pirkis, J. (2022). “Finding a safe space”: A qualitative study of what makes help helpful for adolescents bereaved by suicide. Death Studies, 46(10), 2456–2466. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1970049

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. (2003). Manual for the ASEBA adult forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.

 Google Scholar

Chorpita, B. F., Reise, S., Weisz, J. R., Grubbs, K., Becker, K. D., & Krull, J. L. (2010). Evaluation of the Brief Problem Checklist: Child and caregiver interviews to measure clinical progress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 526–536. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019602

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Achenbach, T., McConaughy, S., Ivanova, M., & Rescorla, L. (2011). Manual for the ASEBA brief problem monitor (BPM). University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.

 Google Scholar

Beck, J. S., Beck, A. T., & Jolly, J. B. (2001). Beck youth inventories of emotional & social impairment: Depression inventory for youth, anxiety inventory for youth, anger inventory for youth, disruptive behavior inventory for youth, self-concept inventory for youth: Manual. Psychological Corporation.

 Google Scholar

Nader, K., Kriegler, K., Blake, D. , Pynoos, R., Newman, E., Weathers, F. (1996). Clinician-administered PTSD scale for children and adolescents. APA PsycNet. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/9999-08962-000?doi=1

 Google Scholar

Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

 Google Scholar

Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2004). The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) for Ages 1.5 to 18 Years. APA PsycNet. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-14949-007

 Google Scholar

Burnett, P., Middleton, W., Raphael, B., & Martinek, N. (1997). Measuring core bereavement phenomena. Psychological Medicine, 27(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004151

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory manual. Multi-Health Systems.

 Google Scholar

Kovacs, M. (2003). Children’s depression inventory (CDI). Multi-Health Systems.

 Google Scholar

Faulstich, M. E., Carey, M. P., Ruggiero, L., Enyart, P., & Gresham, F. (1986). Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: An evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). Am J Psychiatry, 143(8), 1024–1027. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.143.8.1024

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., Highberger, L., Rubinstein, H., & Stahl, K. J. (1997). The development and validation of the Children's Hope Scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(3), 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399 9212556

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shaffer, D., Gould, M. S., Brasic, J., Ambrosini, P., Fisher, P., Bird, H., & Aluwahlia, S. (1983). A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 40(11), 1228–1231. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010 6639293

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Robins, L. N., Wing, J., Wittchen, H. U., Helzer, J. E., Babor, T. F., Burke, J., Farmer, A., Jablenski, A., Pickens, R., & Regier, D. A. (1988). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(12), 1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., & Treadwell, K. R. H. (2001). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(3), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3003_9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

De Haan, A., Petermann, F., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Goldbeck, L. (2016). Psychometric Properties of the German Version of the Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI-GER). Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47(1), 151–158. 10.1007/s10578-015-0552-0 25990307

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Larsen, D. L., Attkisson, C. C., Hargreaves, W. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (1979). Assessment of client/patient satisfaction: Development of a general scale. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2(3), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(79)90094-6

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Singh, B., Prabhuappa, K. P., Eqbal, S., & Singh, A. R. (2013). Depression, anxiety and stress scale: Reliability and validity of Hindi adaptation. International Journal of Education and Management Studies, 3(4), 446–449.

 Google Scholar

Eccles, J. S. (1997). Parents make a difference: Influences on adolescents’ college graduation plans. Presented in the annual conference of the American Educational Research Association., March 1997

 Google Scholar

Bar-On, R., & Parker, J. D. A. (2000). BarOn emotional quotient inventory: Youth version. Multi-Health system, Incorporated.

 Google Scholar

Bolton, P., & Tang, A. M. (2002). An alternative approach to cross-cultural function assessment. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(11), 537–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-002-0580-5

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Worden, J. (1991). Grieving special types of losses. Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy. Springer Publishing Company, Inc.

 Google Scholar

Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., Frank, E., Doman, J., & Miller, M. (1995). Inventory of complicated grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59(1-2), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(95)02757-2

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2013). Identifying prolonged grief reactions in children: Dimensional and diagnostic approaches. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(6), 599–607.e7. e597 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.02.015

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Holland, J. M., Nam, I., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2013). A psychometric evaluation of the core bereavement items. Assessment, 20(1), 119–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112446656

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mattejat, F., & Remschmidt, H. (2006). Das Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (ILK.) [The inventory of life quality in children and adolescents (ILC). ] Huber.

 Google Scholar

Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., Bonanno, G., Block, S. D., Kissane, D., Boelen, P., Maercker, A., Litz, B. T., Johnson, J. G., First, M. B., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged Grief Disorder: Psychometric Validation of Criteria Proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), e1000121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Layne, C., Kaplow, J., & Pynoos, R. (2014). Persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD) checklist–Youth version 1.0. University of California., CA.

 Google Scholar

Tucker, C., Barber, B., & Eccles, J. (1997). Adolescents’ Discussion with Siblings, Mothers, and Fathers about Life Plans,. In annual meetings of the National Council on Family Relations, MN, USA.

 Google Scholar

Stiffman, A. R., Horwitz, S. M., Hoagwood, K., Compton, W., Cottler, L., Bean, D. L., Narrow, W. E., & Weisz, J. R. (2000). The service assessment for children and adolescents (SACA): Adult and child reports. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(8), 1032–1039. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200008000-00019

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Birmaher, B., Brent, D. A., Chiappetta, L., Bridge, J., Monga, S., & Baugher, M. (1999). Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A replication study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(10), 1230–1236. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199910000-00011

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Goodman, R., Meltzer, H., & Bailey, V. (1998). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(3), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007870050057

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shiota, M. N., & Levenson, R. W. (2009). Effects of aging on experimentally instructed detached reappraisal, positive reappraisal, and emotional behavior suppression. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 890–900. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017896

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Weisz, J. R., Chorpita, B. F., Frye, A., Ng, M. Y., Lau, N., Bearman, S. K., Ugueto, A. M., Langer, D. A., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2011). Youth Top Problems: using idiographic, consumer-guided assessment to identify treatment needs and to track change during psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(3), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023307 21500888

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Angold, A., Costello, E. J., Messer, S. C., & Pickles, A. (1995). Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 5, 237–249.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hogan, D., Halpenny, A. M., & Greene, S. (2002). Experiences of parental separation. The Children’s Research Centre, Trinity College, University of Dublin. https://tcd.ie/tricc/assets/pdfs/crc-archive/2002-Hogan-Halpenny-Greene-Parental-Separation.pdf

 Google Scholar

Elhai, J. D., Layne, C. M., Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Briggs, E. C., Ostrowski, S. A., & Pynoos, R. S. (2013). Psychometric properties of the UCLA PTSD reaction index. Part II: Investigating factor structure findings in a national clinic-referred youth sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21755

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pynoos, R., Rodriguez, N., Steinberg, A., Stuber, M., & Frederick, C. (1998). The UCLA PTSD reaction index for DSM IV (revision 1). University of California Trauma Psychiatry Program.

 Google Scholar

Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Decker, K. B., & Pynoos, R. S. (2004). The University of California at Los Angeles post-traumatic stress disorder reaction index. Current Psychiatry Reports, 6(2), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-004-0048-2 15038911

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the youth self-report and 1991 profile. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Burlington.

 Google Scholar

Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J.-Y., Kwok, O.-M., Haine, R. A., Twohey-Jacobs, J., Suter, J., Lin, K., Padgett-Jones, S., Weyer, J. L., Cole, E., Kriege, G., & Griffin, W. A. (2003). The Family Bereavement Program: Efficacy evaluation of a theory-based prevention program for parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(3), 587–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.587

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

McClatchey, I. S., Vonk, M. E., & Palardy, G. (2009). Efficacy of a camp-based intervention for childhood traumatic grief. Research on Social Work Practice, 19(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731508314276

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and/or its supplementary files.