Diabetes-related quality of life in six European countries measured with the DOQ-30

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive and clinical statistics of study sample for participating countries.

	Country
	Estonia	France	Serbia	Slovenia	Turkey	Belgium	Total
Age in years, mean (SD)	66.7 (9.8)	65.0 (9.5)	64.2 (10.3)	63.0 (10.1)	59.3 (11.3)	65.6 (10.4)	64.1 (10.5)
T2DM duration in years, mean (SD)	8.6 (5.0)	10.2 (8.1)	11.0 (7.3)	9.7 (6.6)	3.7 (3.0)	1.6 (1.3)	7.3 (6.7)
Gender male, n (%)	61 (44.5)	105 (58.3)	50 (45.0)	74 (57.4)	57 (41.0)	76 (48.4)	423 (49.6)
Tablets treatment, n (%)	124 (90.5)	162 (89.5)	94 (84.7)	90 (75.6)	130 (93.5)	137 (87.8)	737 (87.4)
Insulin treatment, n (%)	38 (29.0)	45 (24.9)	43 (38.7)	28 (23.5)	24 (17.3)	47 (30.3)	225 (26.9)
Smoking, n (%)	23 (17)	29 (16)	22 (20)	10 (8)	29 (21)	21 (13)	134 (16)
BMI in kg/m^2, mean (SD)	32.5 (6.0)	31.2 (6.2)	27.3 (3.5)	30.9 (5)	30.4 (6.2)	29.6 (5.5)	30.4 (5.7)
HbA1c, mean (SD)	7.1 (1.2)	7.3 (1.2)*	7.4 (1.4)	7.5 (1.4)	8.2 (1.8)	7.1 (1.1)	7.4 (1.4)
CHOL (mmol/L), mean (SD)	5.2 (1.1)	4.6 (1.2)	5.6 (1.0)	4.7 (1.1)	5.3 (1.2)	4.7 (0.9)	5.0 (1.2)
Syst-BP (mmHg), mean (SD)	138.8 (11.5)	133.4 (11.3)	135.3 (14.2)	135.7 (14.7)	137.4 (15)	134.3 (14.6)	135.7 (13.6)
Diast-BP (mmHg), mean (SD)	82.7 (8.5)	77.9 (7.8)	81.8 (7.6)	78.8 (9.1)	82.4 (8.4)	77.7 (9.5)	80 (8.8)
Total, n (%)	137 (100.0)	180 (100.0)	111 (100.0)	129 (100.0)	139 (100.0)	157 (100.0)	853 (100.0)

Table 2. Associations of obstacles with residential country, descriptive and clinical characteristics.

	Regression coefficient β/p-value *p < 0.05; **p < 0.005; ***p < 0.001
	OBS-1	OBS-2	OBS-3	OBS-4	OBS-5	OBS-6	OBS-7	OBS-8	OBS-9
Country
Estonia		0.095**	0.114**		0.134***	0.093*
France						0.107**		−0.085*
Serbia					0.169***		−0.143***
Slovenia						0.120**		−0.113**
Turkey	0.187***	0.129***	0.154***		0.266***	0.180***
Belgium									0.369***
Age		−0.002*	0.002*				−0.002*
T2DM duration			−0.004*			−0.005**
Gender = M							−0.048**
Tablets = YES		−0.052*
Insulin = YES									−0.177***
Smoking = YES					0.064*
BMI					0.007***
HbA1c	0.024***	0.018**	0.031***	0.027***	0.019**	0.029***	0.024***	0.026**	0.016*
Chol			0.019*
Syst-BP
Diast-BP
Total, n	679	668	658	674	674	551	678	664	651
R squared	0.16	0.121	0.145	0.098	0.208	0.133	0.1	0.061	0.288

OBS-1: obstacles in relationships with healthcare professionals; OBS-2: feeling alone and deficiency of social support; OBS-3: shortage of knowledge about diabetes; OBS-4: obstacles associated with changes in diet and lifestyle; OBS-5: obstacles associated with exercising; OBS-6: obstacles associated with self-monitoring; OBS-7: uncertainty about consultation; OBS-8: uncertainty about diabetes medication; OBS-9: uncertainty about insulin-use.

Blank cells indicate that there were no significant associations between characteristics and obstacle scales.

Figure 1. Proportions of patients with diabetes who perceived obstacles.