Norwegian Norms and Factor-Structure of Phonemic and Semantic Word List Generation

Abstract

Word list generation (WLG) tasks are used world wide as measures of executive function, although the tests are sensitive also to deficits in other cognitive functions. Norms derived from English-speaking samples are often used in Norway, even though the consequences of language differences are not yet been assessed. The reliability of WLG testing in Norway is increased by the norms presented in the first part of the study. The validity of WLG tests as measures of executive function is addressed in the second part, by performing a factor-analysis of neuropsychological performance in a mixed psychiatric sample. Education contributed most to performance. There were no sex-differences in overall performance. Factor analysis indicated that phonemic WLG is a more specific measure of executive function than semantic WLG. Semantic WLG correlated higher with basal processing speed, thus being more sensitive to aging. In conclusion the clinical neuropsychologist is advised to control for reduction in basal processing speed before interpreting WLG scores as specific deficits in executive function. The Norwegian norms correspond well with most comparable studies in other languages, thus failing to show any language specific effects.

Notes

*SD = 9.53, SE = 1.49, 95% confidence interval for mean performance = 35.18–41.2.

**SD = 10.4, SE = 1.39, 95% confidence interval for mean performance = 41.18–46.75.

***SD = 11.26, SE = 1.53, 95% confidence interval for mean performance = 48.63–54.78.

*SD = 8.42, SE = 1.09, 95% confidence interval for mean performance 40.18–44.52.

**SD = 8.5, SE = 1, 95% confidence interval for mean performance = 44.92–48.89.

***SD = 9.43, SE = 1.53, 95% confidence interval for mean performance = 46.89–51.49.

Note. Rotation method: Varimax, explaining 61.5% of all variance.

*Correlation between factor and test significant at the 0.5 level, **p < .01.