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Abstract
This study presents normative data of commonly used neuropsychological tests administered to 75 individuals with high levels of intelligence (estimated IQ ≥ 120). Participants were living independently in the community with ages ranging from 44 to 86. To avoid including individuals with an incipient dementia, we selected subjects who scored within the normal range on all cognitive tests for at least a two-year period. The norms are presented in table format to help clinicians easily identify a typical cognitive performance in highly intelligent individuals and to provide a useful guide for detecting abnormal cognitive decline in individuals at risk for progressive dementia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by grants from the Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair and the Charles H. Farnsworth Trust, Boston, MA. We wish to express special appreciation to all our subjects who contributed to this study on an annual basis.
Notes
Note. AMNART = American National Adult Reading Test Intelligence Quotient, BDS = Blessed Dementia Rating Scale, GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale, CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating Scale.
a The 73–86 age cohorts named significantly less items on the BNT compared to both the 44–66 age cohorts, p = .003, and the 67–72 age cohorts, p = .006. DSF = WAIS-III Digit Span Forward subtest; DSB = WAIS-III Digit Span subtest; MF = Months recited forward in seconds; MB = Months recited backward in seconds; VFDT = Visual Form Discrimination Test; SRT = Selective Reminding Test; LTS = Long-Term Storage; LTR = Long-Term Retrieval; CLTR = Consistent Long-Term Retrieval; DR = Delayed Recall; MC = Multiple Choice; 30′DR = 30 minute delayed recall; 30′MC = 30 minute delayed multiple choice; FAS = total words generated to letters F-A-S in 60 seconds per letter; CAT = total words generated to categories Animals, Vegetables, and Fruits in 60 seconds per category.
b Women named significantly less items than men at the oldest age range.
c The 73–86 age cohort remembered significantly less words on the SRT TR than the 44–66 age cohort, p = .031.
d Women in the 44–66 age cohort performed significantly better on Fruits, p = .005.
e The men in the 73–86 age cohort performed significantly better on Animals, p = .030. There were no other significant effects for age or gender.
Note. WAIS III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Version III, DSF = Digit Span Forward subtest, DSB = Digit Span Backward subtest, MF = Months Forward (in seconds), MB = Months Backward (in seconds), FAS = Total combined number of words to F = A-S, VFDT = Visual Form Discrimination Test, TR = SRT Total Recall, LTS = SRT Long-Term Storage, LTR = SRT Long-Term Retrieval, CLTR = SRT Consistent Long-Term Retrieval, 30′DR = SRT 30-minute Delayed Free Recall, 30′MC = SRT 30-minute Delayed Multiple Choice.
Note. BNT = Boston Naming Test, CAT = Category Generation Test and presents the total combined number of words to categories Animals, Vegetables, and Fruits.
Note. WAIS III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Version III, DSF = Digit Span Forward subtest, DSB = Digit Span Backward subtest, MF = Months Forward (in seconds), MB = Months Backward (in seconds), FAS = Total combined number of words to F = A-S, VFDT = Visual Form Discrimination Test, TR = SRT Total Recall, LTS = SRT Long-Term Storage, LTR = SRT Long-Term Retrieval, CLTR = SRT Consistent Long-Term Retrieval, 30′DR = SRT 30-minute Delayed Free Recall, 30′MC = SRT 30-minute Delayed Multiple Choice.
Note. BNT = Boston Naming Test, CAT = Category Generation Test and presents the total combined number of words to categories Animals, Vegetables, and Fruits.
Note. WAIS III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Version III, DSF = Digit Span Forward subtest, DSB = Digit Span Backward subtest, MF = Months Forward (in seconds), MB = Months Backward (in seconds), FAS = Total combined number of words to F = A-S, VFDT = Visual Form Discrimination Test, TR = SRT Total Recall, LTS = SRT Long-Term Storage, LTR = SRT Long-Term Retrieval, CLTR = SRT Consistent Long-Term Retrieval, 30′DR = SRT 30-minute Delayed Free Recall, 30′MC = SRT 30-minute Delayed Multiple Choice.
Note. BNT = Boston Naming Test, CAT = Category Generation Test and presents the total combined number of words to categories Animals, Vegetables, and Fruits.