Figures & data
Figure 1. Two pictures from animation of breaststroke swimming. Left: trajectory of the hand in an external reference frame (black curve through feet, mass centre and head); right: the same movement relative to the mass centre (closed black curve).
Figure 2. Lateral view of the flume.
Figure 3. One position of the calibration frame during calibration recordings.
Figure 4. The box model of the area where water particle displacement occurs. P 1 is a wrist point and P 2 the finger tip. The hand moves in the direction n.
Figure 5. Left shoulder torque of two elite crawl stroke swimmers. Left figure: deep arm pull, v-flow = 1.6 m/s, t cycle = 1.1 s. Right figure: perpendicular lower and upper arm and pressure on forearm until the arm is leaving the water, v-flow = 1.55 m/s, t cycle = 1.3 s.
Figure 6. Dolphin stroke at v-flow = 1.78 m/s, t cycle = 1.1 s; shoulder and hip torques. Right figure: The velocity of the mass centre in swimming direction is added as a black solid line.
Figure 7. Dolphin stroke at v-flow = 1.78 m/s; contribution of foot, shank and thigh to the total hip torque. The shank part of the hip torque is dominant.
Figure 8. Different breaststroke techniques, shoulder torques. Left figure: swimming technique at v-flow = 1.15 m/s. Right figure: swimming technique at v-flow = 1.65 m/s.
Figure 9. Breaststroke, left hip torques. Left figure: swimming technique at v-flow = 1.15 m/s. Right figure: swimming technique at v-flow = 1.65 m/s.
Figure 10. Breaststroke, left shoulder torques. Contribution of left hand (left diagram) and left lower arm (right diagram) to the shoulder torque at v-flow = 1.65 m/s. The left upper arm contribution to the shoulder torque (Tmax <5 Nm) can be neglected.
Figure 11. Convective, inertial and pressure force contribution to torques. Right: dolphin stroke (tru) with total hip torque T x , v = 1.78 m/s, Left: breaststroke (war50-6) with total shoulder torque T y , v-flow = 1.65 m/s.
