A Comparative Analysis of How Actors Implement: Testing the Contextual Interaction Theory in 48 Cases of Wetland Restoration

Figures & data

Figure 1. Contextual interaction theory flowchart

Figure 2. Scatter plot of the relationship between observed and expected results using the formula

Table

Prediction number from flowchart	Prediction
9, 14	For any interaction to evolve, it is necessary that application of the instrument would contribute positively to the motivation of at least one actor.
2, 8	If application of the instrument would contribute positively to the objectives of one actor, while the other actor is also positive or neutral, but the information of the positive actor(s) is insufficient to apply the instrument, then a joint learning process will evolve that will sooner or later create another situation.
6, 13	If application of the instrument would contribute positively to the objectives of one actor, while the other actor is negative, and the information of the positive actor is insufficient, then there will initially be no interaction, but the positive actor will try to learn on its own and thereby to create another situation.
1, 7	If application of the instrument would contribute positively to the objectives of one actor, while the other actor is also positive or neutral, and the information of the positive actor(s) is sufficient to apply the instrument, then the interaction process will have the character of cooperation. When both actors are positive there will be active cooperation.
3, 12	If application of the instrument would contribute positively to the objectives of one actor, while the other actor is negative, and the information of the positive actor is sufficient, then the character of the interaction process will be dependent on the balance of power between the actors. Dominance of the positive actor will lead to (forced) cooperation.
5, 10	If application of the instrument would contribute positively to the objectives of one actor, while the other actor is negative, and the information of the positive actor is sufficient, then the character of the interaction process will be dependent on the balance of power between the actors. Dominance of the negative actor will lead to obstruction.
4, 11	If application of the instrument would contribute positively to the objectives of one actor, while the other actor is negative, and the information of the positive actor is sufficient, then the character of the interaction process will be dependent on the balance of power between the actors. A relatively equal balance of power will lead to opposition. Opposition can take the forms of negotiation and conflict.

Bressers , J. T. A. 2004 . “ Implementing sustainable development: How to know what works, where, when and how ” . In Governance for Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Adapting Form to Function , Edited by: Lafferty , W. M. 284 – 318 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .

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