Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Lichens Cladonia foliacea., Dermatocarpon miniatum., Everinia divaricata., Evernia prunastri., and Neofuscella pulla.

Figures & data

Table 1 Antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of Cladonia foliacea., Dermatocarpon miniatum., Evernia divaricata., Evernia prunastri., and Neofuscella pulla. against the bacterial strains tested based on disc-diffusion and micro-well dilution assay

	Cladonia foliacea.		Dermatocarpon miniatum.		Evernia divaricata.		Evernia prunastri.		Neofuscella pulla.		Antibiotics^a.
Test microorganisms	DD^b.	MIC^c.	DD^b.	MIC^c.	DD^b.	MIC^c.	DD^b.	MIC^c.	DD^b.	MIC^c.	DD^a.	MIC^d. (max)
Acinetobacter baumanii. A8	—	—	—	—	14	31.25	—	—	7	15.62	18 (OFX)	31.25
Acinetobacter lwoffi. F1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	24 (OFX)	62.50
Bacillus macerans. A199	14	62.50	—	—	13	31.25	—	—	—	—	19 (OFX)	15.62
Bacillus megaterium. A59	—	—	—	—	12	31.25	—	—	—	—	9 (SCF)	15.62
Bacillus subtilis. ATCC-6633	11	31.25	16	62.50	18	62.50	—	—	12	31.25	28 (OFX)	62.50
Bacillus subtilis. A57	7	15.62	—	—	9	31.25	—	—	9	15.62	28 (OFX)	125
Brucella abortus. A77	—	—	—	—	12	31.25	—	—	—	—	12 (SCF)	62.50
Burkholdria cepacia. A225	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	18	62.50	22 (SCF)	125
Clavibacter michiganense. A227	16	62.50	18	62.50	18	62.50	9	15.62	14	31.25	25 (SCF)	16.62
Cedecea davisae. F2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14 (OFX)	62.50
Enterobacter cloacae. A135	—	—	—	—	16	62.50	—	—	—	—	20 (NET)	31.25
Enterococcus faecalis. ATCC-29122	7	15.62	—	—	11	31.25	—	—	—	—	18 (SCF)	31.25
Escherichia coli. A1	9	15.62	—	—	19	62.50	4	15.62	7	15.62	20 (OFX)	62.50
Klebsiella pneumoniae. F3	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12 (OFX)	125
Klebsiella pneumoniae. A137	—	—	—	—	8	15.62	—	—	—	—	12 (OFX)	125
Morgonella morganii. F4	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14 (OFX)	125
Proteus vulgaris. A161	—	—	—	—	7	15.62	—	—	—	—	13 (OFX)	125
Proteus vulgaris. KUKEM1329	7	15.62	—	—	14	31.25	—	—	—	—	22 (NET)	31.25
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ATCC9027	—	—	—	—	9	15.62	—	—	—	—	22 (NET)	15.62
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ATCC27859	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	18 (NET)	125
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. F5	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	18 (NET)	125
Pseudomonas pseudoalkaligenes. F6	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	24 (OFX)	125
Pseudomonas syringae. pv. tomato. A35	13	31.25	—	—	14	31.25	9	31.25	9	31.25	14 (NET)	250
Salmonella cholerasuis arizonae. F7	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	27 (SCF)	62.50
Salmonella enteritidis. ATCC-13076	—	—	—	—	12	31.25	—	—	—	—	16 (NET)	125
Serratia plymuthica. F8	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	24 (NET)	31.25
Shigella sonnei. F9	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	22 (SCF)	31.25
Staphylococcus aureus. A215	—	—	—	—	9	15.62	—	—	—	—	22 (SCF)	62.50
Staphylococcus aureus. ATCC-29213	—	—	—	—	9	15.62	—	—	—	—	12 (SCF)	15.62
Staphylococcus epidermis. A233	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14 (SCF)	15.62
Staphylococcus hominis. F10	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	10 (OFX)	62.50
Streptococcus pyogenes. ATCC-176	14	31.25	—	—	15	31.25	7	15.62	10	31.25	13 (OFX)	31.25
Streptococcus pyogenes. KUKEM-676	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	20 (SCF)	31.25
Xanthomonas campestris. A235	19	62.50	—	—	17	62.50	14	31.25	—	—	16 (OFX)	62.50
Yersinia enterocolitica. F11	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

^a.DD = Diameter of disk diffusion (mm); OFX = ofloxacin (10 µg/disk); SCF = sulbactam (30 µg) + cefoperazona (75 µg) (105 µg/disk); and NET = netilmicin (30µg/disk) were used as positive reference standards antibiotic discs (Oxoid).

^b.Inhibition zone in diameter (mm) around the disks impregnated with 300 µg/disk of methanol extract.

^c.Minimal inhibitory concentrations as (µg/ml).

^d.MIC = Maxipine (µg/ml) was used as reference antibiotic in micro-well dilution assay (Sigma).

Table 2 Anticandidal and antifungal activities of methanolic extracts of Cladonia foliacea., Dermatocarpon miniatum., Evernia divaricata., Evernia prunastri., and Neofuscella pulla. against yeast and fungal isolates

	Cladonia foliacea.		Dermatocarpon miniatum.		Evernia divaricata.		Evernia prunastri.		Neofuscella pulla.
Test yeast and fungi	DD^a.	MIC^b.	DD^a.	MIC^b.	DD^a.	MIC^b.	DD^b.	MIC^b.	DD^a.	MIC^b.	MIC^c. (AmpB)
Yeast
Candida albicans. A117	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	31.25
Fungi
Alternaria solani.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	31.25
Aspergillus flavus.	7	15.62	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	15.62
Aspergillus niger.	—	—	—	—	—	—	31	62.50	—	—	15.62
Aspergillus variecolor.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	15.62
Fusarium acuminatum.	—	—	—	—	30	62.50	—	—	—	—	62.50
Fusarium oxysporum.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	62.50
Fusarium solani.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	62.50
Fusarium tabacinum.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	62.50
Microsporum canis.	—	—	—	—	16	31.25	—	—	—	—	62.50
Moniliania fructicola.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	15.62
Mortieraula alpina.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	62.50
Penicillum. spp.	—	—	—	—	—	—	31	62.50	—	—	31.25
Rhizopus. spp.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	125
Rhizoctonia solani.	—	—	—	—	19	31.25	—	—	—	—	31.25
Sclorotinia minor.	24	125	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	125
Sclorotinia sclerotiorum.	14	62.50	—	—	37	125	22	31.25	20	31.25	62.50
Trichophyton rubrum.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	24	62.50	31.25
Trichophyton mentagrophytes.	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	15.62

^a.DD = Diameter of disk diffusion (mm). Inhibition zone in diameter (mm) around the disks impregnated with 300 µg/disk of methanol extract.

^b.Minimal inhibitory concentrations as (µg/ml).

^c.MIC = AmpB = amphotericin B (µg/ml) was used as refererence antibiotic in micro-well dilution (Sigma).

Table 3 Effect of the methanol extracts of Cladonia foliacea., Dermatocarpon miniatum., Everinia divaricata., Evernia prunastri., and Neofuscella pulla positive.. control on the in vitro. free-radical scavenging and linoleic acid oxidation

Sample	DPPH IC50 (µg/ml)	β.-carotene/linolieic acid (I%)	Total phenolic (%w/w)
Cladonia foliacea.	NA	35 ± 1	1.7
Dermatocarpon miniatum.	396 ± 0.5	49 ± 2	2.9
Everinia divaricata.	NA	56 ± 1	3
Evernia prunastri.	NA	46 ± 2	2.6
Neofuscella pulla.	NA	32 ± 1	1.5
BHT (positive control)	19.8 ± 0.5	96 ± 1	—

NA, no activity observed.