Antimicrobial Screening of Some Turkish Medicinal Plants

Figures & data

Table 1.. List of plants screened for antimicrobial activity.

Scientific name/code	Family	Local name	Used plant part (s)	Preparation rate	Collection time	Origin
Nerium oleander. L./1	Apocynaceae	Zakkum	LF,FL	2:1	June 24, 2005	Campus
Pyracantha coccinea. M. Roem./2	Rosaceae	NI	LF,RF	2:1	June 24, 2005	Botanical garden
Cornus sanguinea. L./3	Cornaceae	NI	LF,FL,S	2:1:1	June 25, 2005	Campus
Artemisia arborescens. L./4	Compositae	Pelin otu	LF,FL,S	2:1:1	June 25, 2005	Botanical garden
Thuja orientalis. L./5	Cupressaceae	NI	LF,RF	2:1	June 24, 2005	Botanical garden
Carpobrotus acinaciformis. (L.) L. Bolus/6	Aizoaceae	Makas otu	LF,S	2:1	June 27, 2005	Botanical garden
Punica granatum. L./7	Punicaceae	Nar	LF,FL	2:1	June 28, 2005	Botanical garden
Conyza canadensis. (L.) Cronquist./8	Compositae	NI	LF		July 07, 2005	Botanical garden
Mirabilis jalapa. L./9	Nyctaginaceae	Akşam sefası	LF,FL,S	2:1:1	June 26, 2005	Botanical garden
Euphorbia peplus. L./10	Euphorbiaceae	Sütleyen	LF,FL,S,RT	2:1:1:1	July 08, 2005	Campus, Yagcılar
Citrus reticulata. L./11	Rutaceae	Mandalina	LF,RF	2:1	July 06, 2005	Botanical garden
Vitis vinifera. L./12	Vitaceae	SultaniyeÜzüm Asma	LF,RF,S,YB	2:1:1:1	June 24, 2005	Botanical garden
Liquidambar orientalis. Mill./13	Hamamelidaceae	Günlük ağacı, sığala	LF		June 24, 2005	Botanical garden
Inula viscosa. (L.) Aiton./14	Compositae	NI	LF		July 10, 2005	Muradiye
Rosmarinus officinalis. L./15	Lamiaceae	Kuşdili	LF		June 27, 2005	Campus
Hypericum perforatum. L./16	Guttiferae	SarıKantaron	LF,FL,S	2:1:1	June 27, 2005	Campus, Yagcılar
Lonicera japonica. Thunb./17	Caprifoliaceae	Hanımeli	LF		June 27, 2005	Botanical garden
Ecballium elaterium. A. Richard/18	Cucurbitaceae	Acıdüvelek, eşek hıyarı	LF,FR	1:1	June 30, 2005	Yagcılar
Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Dehnh./19	Myrtaceae	Viks otu Ekaliptus	LF		July 05, 2005	Campus

LF, leaves; FL, flowers; FR, fruits; RF, raw fruits; RT, roots; S, stems; YB, young branches; NI, not informed.

Table 2.. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extracts of the plants against bacteria and C. albicans..

	Inhibition zone (mm)^a.
	SA^a.	MRSA	EC	ML	BC	BS	STYP	PF	PV	SM	SE	EF	ECLO	EA	CA
N.oleander.	0^b.	0	0	10	10	0	8	0	0	11	12	0	0	0	0
P. coccinea.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
C. sanguinea.	12	13	0	18	14	18	10	8	22	16	22	12	15	18	16
A. arborescens.	0	0	0	12	10	0	8	0	9	10	12	0	0	8	0
T. orientalis.	0	10	0	12	16	0	0	0	22	6	0	8	11	6	0
C.acinaciformis.	0	0	4	0	0	0	12	0	0	10	10	8	6	8	0
P. granatum.	16	10	0	0	12	10	0	10	14	9	14	12	14	10	14
C. canadensis.	0	0	10	0	0	6	18	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6
M. jalapa.	12	10	0	8	0	6	8	4	10	12	10	8	5	12	0
E. peplus.	0	0	0	8	0	0	0	2	12	6	10	8	8	10	4
C. reticulata.	0	0	3	8	0	10	10	0	0	10	0	0	0	6	0
V. vinifera.	16	14	8	16	12	10	22	16	28	10	16	8	12	20	4
L. orientalis.	20	20	12	12	0	14	22	22	34	18	10	10	10	18	0
I. viscosa.	18	14	0	12	20	10	20	10	28	6	10	10	11	10	14
R. officinalis.	26	20	10	16	14	18	14	8	15	18	20	12	14	26	8
H. perforatum.	20	18	0	16	22	0	28	0	30	6	16	0	16	6	0
L. japonica.	0	14	0	10	8	8	14	0	14	10	14	22	0	10	10
E. elaterium.	20	10	22	14	18	16	16	10	12	30	22	6	12	16	4
E. camuldulensis.	18	16	10^c.	18	14	10	24	28	28	18	16	14	16	10	22^c.
NC^d.	10	8	2	6	6	4	6	0	8	4	8	4	4	4	2

Microorganisms: SA, Staphylococcus aureus.; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.; EC, Escherichia coli.; ML, Micrococcus luteus.; BC, Bacillus cereus.; BS, Bacillus subtilis.; STYP, Salmonella typhimurium.; PF, Pseudomonas fluorescens.; PV, Proteus vulgaris.; SM, Serratia marcescens.; SE, Staphylococcus epidermidis.; EF, Enterococcus faecalis.; ECLO, Enterobacter cloaceae.; EA, Enterobacter aerogenes.; CA, Candida albicans..

^a.Inhibition zone diameter in millimeters, not including well diameter (6 mm), and if equal to negative control inhibitions or under recorded as 0.

^b.Mean values, n = 3; 0, no inhibitory activity.

^c.Partial inhibition.

^c.Partial inhibition.

^d.NC, negative control, 100 µL 96% ethanol.

Table 3.. Inhibitory activity of some standard antibiotics against various bacteria and C. albicans..

	Inhibition zone (mm)^b.
	Standard antibiotics
Tested microorganisms^a.	NA	NV	AMP	P	ERY	IPM	VA	CLH	NYS
S. aureus. ATCC 6538P	20	32	15^R	24	20	34	12	20	ND
MRSA ATCC 95047	24	34	16^R	6^R	6^R	15	14	25	ND
E. coli.	26	6^R	6^R	6^R	12^±R	30	6^R	26	ND
M. luteus. ATCC 9341	10^R	28	26	20^R	26	40	15	30	ND
B. cereus. CM 99	28	25	6^R	10^R	26	36	15	28	ND
B. subtilis. ATCC 6683	32	13^R	10^R	8^±R	15	34	6^R	30	ND
S. typhimurium. CCM 5445	6^R	40	6^R	6^R	28	30	28	40	ND
P. fluorescens.	30	20	6^R	6^R	28^±	24	6^R	12^R	ND
P. vulgaris. ATCC 6997	12^R	26	10^±R	10^±R	20	22	22	15	ND
S. marcescens. CCM 583	30	6^R	6^R	6^R	12^R	26	6^R	30	ND
S. epidermidis. ATCC 12228	6^R	26	16	11^R	12^R	26	15	25	ND
E. faecalis. ATCC 29212	30	28	16	24	30	40	16	30	ND
E. cloaceae. ATCC 13067	12^±R	22	15	12^R	15^R	30	16	26	ND
E. aerogenes. ATCC 13048	26	17^R	6^R	6^R	24	30	6^R	12^R	ND
C. albicans.	ND	ND	6	6	6	ND	6	ND	22

NA, nalidixic acid (30 µg/disk); NV, novobiocin (30 µg/disk); AMP, ampicillin (10 µg/disk); P, penicilline G (10 IU/disk); ERY, erythromycin (15 µg/disk); IPM, imipenem (10 µg/disk); VA, vancomycin (30 µg/disk); CHL, chloramphenicol (30 µg/disk); NYS, nystatin (10 µg/disk); R, resistant; ±, partial inhibition; 6, no activity; ND, not determined.

^a.Bacteria tested in MHA medium, yeast in PDA.

^b.Diameter of inhibition zone in millimeters, including disk diameter (6 mm).

Figure 1 Mean values of microorganisms in relation to their susceptibility to the plant extracts. *Means are indicated by solid circles. ^aSee Table 2 for abbreviations of test microorganisms.

Table 4.. MIC and MBC values of selected plant ethanol extracts against SA, MRSA and CA.

	MIC (mg/mL)			MBC (mg/mL)
	MRSA	EC	CA	MRSA	EC	CA^a.
Cornus sanguinea. L.	8	NA	12.6	16.6	NA	20.6
Punica granatum. L.	10.2	NA	14.2	16.6	NA	24.4
Vitis vinifera. L.	8.6	ND	NA	15	ND	NA
Liquidambar orientalis. Mill.	8	14.2	NA	17.4	22.2	NA
Rosmarinus officinalis. L.	9.4	ND	ND	18.2	ND	ND
Ecballium elaterium. A. Richard	ND	11.8	ND	ND	23.6	ND
Eucalyptus camuldulensis. Dehnh.	8.6	ND	13.4	14.2	ND	23

MRSA, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.; EC, Escherichia coli.; CA, Candida albicans..

MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimal bactericidal concentration.

^a.Minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC); ND, not determined; NA, not applicable.

Figure 2 Similarity (%) of microorganisms in relation to their susceptibility to the plant extracts. *See Table 2 for abbreviations of test microorganisms.