Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oils of Different Parts of Juniperus communis. subsp. hemisphaerica. and Juniperus oblonga.

Figures & data

Table 1.. Chemical composition of the volatile oil of fruits and male and female leaves of Juniperus communis. subsp. hemisphaerica..

Components	Retention index^a.	Male leaves %	Female leaves %	Fruits %
α.-Thujene	935	1.7	1.6	0.9
α.-Pinene	940	12.1	15.8	13.6
Sabinene	977	21.9	20.3	25.1
Myrcene	997	2.2	3.2	3.6
α.-Terpinene	1016	0.7	0.8	1.1
Cymene (para.)	1028	1.2	2.7	2.3
Limonene	1035	7.1	9.2	9.1
γ.-Terpinene	1065	7.2	3.9	5.2
Terpinolene	1090	6.1	3.1	3.0
4-Terpineol	1180	8.5	5.3	8.7
Citronellol	1231	0.4	0.8	0.9
Bornyl acetate	1288	0.9	1.1	—
α.-Terpinyl acetate	1348	2.1	2.9	2.8
β.-Elemene	1385	1.4	1.8	2.5
β.-Caryophyllene	1420	3.1	2.2	2.9
α.-Humulene	1457	1.6	1.3	0.7
Germacrene D	1479	4.9	6.1	5.3
α.-Bisabolen	1506	1.2	1.3	t
Cadinene-delta	1528	t	1.1	0.5
Caryophyllene oxide	1583	5.7	4.2	6.5
α.-Bisabolol	1683	2.7	2.9	0.4
Grouped compounds:
Monoterpene hydrocarbons		60.2	60.6	63.9
Oxygen-containing monoterpenes		11.9	10.1	12.4
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons		12.2	13.7	11.9
Oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes		8.4	7.1	6.9

t = trace (< 0.1%).

^a.The retention Kovats indices were determined on DB-5 capillary column.

Table 2.. Chemical composition of the volatile oil of fruits and leaves of male and female Juniperus oblonga..

Components	Retention index^a.	Male leaves %	Female leaves %	Fruits %
α.-Thujene	935	3.4	5.1	2.6
α.-Pinene	940	15.6	13.6	33.3
Sabinene	977	16.4	19.5	23.8
β.-Pinene	990	3.7	4.2	20.8
Myrcene	997	4.2	5.2	—
δ.-2-Carene	1011	2.6	1.2	—
α.-Terpinene	1020	—	0.9	0.3
Limonene	1034	5.5	5.2	4.4
γ.-Terpinene	1064	3.3	5.3	0.9
Terpinolene	1092	2.7	3.4	1.9
4-Terpineol	1182	3.7	4.8	0.1
α.-Terpinyl acetate	1348	3.4	1.5	t
β.-Elemene	1383	1.5	1.6	0.3
β.-Caryophyllene	1422	4.0	6.4	0.2
γ.-Elemene	1435	6.7	5.4	4.5
α.-Humulene	1452	1.3	t	0.1
Germacrene D	1482	8.2	5.7	1.5
β.-Bisabolen	1511	4.0	3.2	—
δ.-Cadinene	1522	2.7	2.3	—
Germacrene B	1565	—	—	1.7
α.-Bisabolol	1688	2.7	1.6	—
Grouped compounds:
Monoterpene hydrocarbons		57.4	63.6	88.0
Oxygen-containing monoterpenes		7.1	6.3	0.1
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons		28.4	24.6	8.3
Oxygen-containing sesquiterpenes		2.7	1.6

t = trace (< 0.1%).

^a.The retention Kovats indices were determined on DB-5 capillary column.

Table 3.. Antioxidant activity of the test compounds in DPPH assay.

	Concentration (µL/mL)
	0.1	0.5	1	2	4
Quercetin	3.26 (0.44)^a.	10.59 (0.82)	21.84 (0.54)	37.92 (1.63)	77.74 (3.21)
Vitamin C	1.3	5.28 (0.97)	11.06 (1.75)	19.26 (0.32)	38.06 (1.03)
BHT	0.5	1.94 (0.32)	2.58 (0.39)	4.76 (0.6)	13.5 (3.62)
DMSO	0.56 (0.42)	0.3 (0.24)	0.98 (0.39)	0.66 (0.32)	2.44 (0.85)
Vitamin E	NA	NA	NA	1.10 (1.1)	5.26 (0.32)
γ.-Terpinene	0.82 (0.39)	3.26 (0.44)	5.58 (0.36)	8.48 (0.64)	17.74 (0.32)
δ.-2-Carene	0.5	1.94 (0.32)	2.58 (0.39)	4.76 (0.60)	13.5 (3.62)
Limonene	0.12 (0.24)	NA	2.14 (0.32)	0.36 (0.29)	0.96 (0.44)
β.-Pinene	0.36 (0.29)	NA	NA	0.12 (0.24)	0.96 (0.44)
α.-Pinene	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
α.-Thujene	NA	0.54 (0.44)	0.9	1.62 (0.36)	5.38 (0.74)
Sabinene	NA	1.26 (0.44)	1.08 (0.36)	1.82 (0.04)	4.82 (0.45)
J. communis. M	1.4	2.8	6.3 (0.89)	12.6	24.4 (1.03)
J. communis. F	1.4	1.4	3.5 (1.08)	5.18 (0.84)	9.01 (0.63)
J. communis. FT	NA	0.56 (0.69)	0.84 (0.69)	1.68 (0.56)	5.6
J. oblonga. M	0.3	1.26 (0.32)	1.26 (0.32)	1.9	7.5 (0.88)
J. oblonga. F	NA	0.12 (0.15)	0.34 (0.4)	0.78 (0.39)	5.74 (0.32)
J. oblonga. FT	NA	NA	0.06 (0.12)	NA	1.74 (0.32)

NA, not active; M, male; F, female; FT, fruit.

^a.Values in parentheses represent standard deviation.

Table 4.. Antioxidant activity of the test compounds in deoxyribose assay.

	Concentration (µL/mL)
	0.05	0.1	0.2	0.5	1
Quercetin	3.37 (0.35)^a.	14.57 (0.51)	25.97 (0.74)	33.43 (0.46)	44.07 (0.90)
DMSO	7.13 (0.90)	13.13 (0.40)	25.30 (1.30)	44.37 (0.96)	55.77 (0.65)
γ.-Terpinene	8.10 (0.52)	12.23 (0.45)	12.63 (0.60)	6.97 (1.50)	17.07 (1.16)
δ.-2-Carene	NA	4.87 (0.76)	2.73 (0.64)	8.87 (1.05)	NA
β.-Pinene	47.60 (1.42)	39.53 (0.99)	34.63 (1.42)	25.23 (3.41)	31.67 (1.53)
Limonene	40.20 (1.20)	16.30 (1.01)	40.60 (2.91)	26.00 (0.92)	12.60 (2.27)
α.-Pinene	NA	NA	1.20 (0.40)	5.8 (0.79)	4.10 (1.21)
α.-Thujene	10.17 (0.61)	10.50 (0.62)	8.20 (1.54)	9.93 (0.40)	2.73 (0.61)
Sabinene	NA	12.23 (0.81)	17.0 (1.40)	8.23 (1.50)	1.27 (1.42)
J. communis. M	2.68 (0.53)	9.10 (0.50)	5.55 (0.84)	5.73 (1.39)	NA
J. communis. F	NA	2.50 (1.00)	NA	NA	5.44 (0.86)
J. communis. FT	0.77 (0.86)	1.13 (1.15)	NA	4.63 (1.15)	7.10 (1.15)
J. oblonga. M	5.93 (0.71)	7.70 (0.50)	2.27 (0.71)	1.47 (0.95)	NA
J. oblonga. F	7.80 (0.69)	5.30 (0.35)	8.20 (1.73)	NA	NA
J. oblonga. FT	10.30 (0.80)	14.53 (1.17)	13.77 (0.92)	10.57 (1.22)	NA

NA, not active; M, male; F, female; FT, fruit.

^a.Values in parentheses represent standard deviation.