Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of some Linaria species from Turkey

Figures & data

Table 1.  Effect of the extracts and active principles on carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in mice.

Test samples	Dose (mg/kg)	Swelling thickness (x 10^−2 mm) ± SEM (inhibition %)
		90 min	180 min	270 min	360 min
Control		45.7 ± 5.8	49.6 ± 5.1	54.8 ± 4.6	62.6 ± 5.3
LG-Hexane	100	50.3 ± 6.7	52.5 ± 6.1	58.9 ± 5.4	67.4 ± 4.9
LG-CH2Cl2	100	43.4 ± 3.9 (5.0)	46.1 ± 4.2 (7.1)	51.9 ± 3.9 (5.3)	60.6 ± 4.4 (3.2)
LG-EtOAc	100	41.9 ± 3.8 (8.3)	44.9 ± 3.2 (9.5)	56.9 ± 3.1	60.8 ± 2.8 (2.9)
LG-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	100	40.1 ± 3.4 (12.3)	40.3 ± 3.1 (18.8)	46.7 ± 3.2 (14.8)	51.1 ± 3.5 (18.4)
LGC-Hexane	100	56.8 ± 5.1	60.1 ± 4.8	64.5 ± 4.2	69.2 ± 5.3
LGC-CH2Cl2	100	46.9 ± 5.2	50.3 ± 4.7	55.9 ± 4.2	68.9 ± 5.2
LGC-EtOAc	100	54.8 ± 3.0	58.3 ± 3.3	60.1 ± 3.5	63.6 ± 2.9
LGC-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	100	43.7 ± 4.9 (4.4)	47.8 ± 4.1 (3.6)	50.1 ± 3.9 (8.6)	57.1 ± 3.7 (8.8)
LA-Hexane	100	44.0 ± 2.9	46.0 ± 3.0	57.3 ± 2.4	69.7 ± 2.9
LA-CH2Cl2	100	49.7 ± 3.4	50.5 ± 3.9	51.9 ± 3.6 (5.3)	55.9 ± 3.0 (10.7)
LA-EtOAc	100	39.4 ± 3.1 (13.8)	42.3 ± 3.4 (14.7)	45.9 ± 3.9 (16.2)	49.5 ± 4.1 (20.9)
LA-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	100	39.7 ± 3.2 (13.1)	40.6 ± 3.4 (18.1)	44.3 ± 3.3 (19.2)	48.5 ± 3.7 (22.5)
Linariin	100	39.6 ± 4.1 (13.3)	43.5 ± 4.9 (12.3)	48.7 ± 3.9 (11.1)	53.4 ± 4.3 (14.7)
Antirrinoside	100	40.4 ± 3.2 (11.6)	43.6 ± 3.4 (12.1)	50.1 ± 3.7 (8.6)	56.9 ± 3.6 (9.1)
Indomethacin	10	28.8 ± 3.1 (36.9)**	29.6 ± 3.6 (40.3)***	34.8 ± 3.3 (36.5)**	38.1 ± 3.5 (39.1)**

**p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001; SEM, standard error mean; LG, Linaria grandiflora; LGC, L. genistifolia subsp. confertiflora; LA, Linaria aucheri.

Figure 1.  Isolated compounds from Linaria aucheri.

Table 2.  Effect of the extracts and active principles against PGE₂-induced paw edema in mice.

Material	Dose (mg/kg)	Swelling thickness (x10^−2mm) ± SEM (% inhibition)
		0 min	15 min	30 min	45 min	60 min	75 min
Control		1.2 ± 0.8	13.4 ± 1.3	19.5 ± 1.9	26.2 ± 1.5	28.8 ± 1.8	15.6 ± 1.3
LG-Hexane	100	1.4 ± 1.3	18.3 ± 1.4	25.7 ± 1.9	35.4 ± 1.5	29.9 ± 1.4	15.3 ± 1.3
LG-CH2Cl2	100	1.3 ± 1.2	15.6 ± 1.9	27.1 ± 2.1	28.8 ± 2.4	28.9 ± 1.7	16.0 ± 1.4
LG-EtOAc	100	1.3 ± 0.9	16.2 ± 1.4	26.5 ± 1.9	29.6 ± 2.3	27.9 ± 1.9 (3.1 )	14.1 ± 1.2 (9.6)
LG-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	100	1.1 ± 0.9 (8.3)	15.1 ± 1.4	20.2 ± 2.0	24.1 ± 1.9 (8.0)	29.2 ± 1.5	17.1 ± 1.3
LGC-Hexane	100	1.4 ± 1.3	18.3 ± 1.4	25.7 ± 1.9	35.4 ± 1.5	29.9 ± 1.4	15.3 ± 1.3
LGC-CH2Cl2	100	1.3 ± 0.7	17.9 ± 1.5	25.2 ± 1.7	34.0 ± 1.9	30.1 ± 1.8	15.9 ± 1.7
LGC-EtOAc	100	1.3 ± 0.7	16.1 ± 1.4	28.7 ± 1.7	32.4 ± 1.9	30.5 ± 1.8	20.2 ± 1.4
LGC-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	100	1.5 ± 0.6	18.4 ± 1.3	24.3 ± 1.9	25.9 ± 2.2 (1.1)	30.2 ± 1.7	22.1 ± 1.3
LA-Hexane	100	1.4 ± 1.5	15.3 ± 1.7	27.6 ± 1.6	28.8 ± 1.9	30.1 ± 1.6	19.1 ± 1.2
LA-CH2Cl2	100	1.4 ± 0.5	16.4 ± 1.1	28.5 ± 2.2	31.3 ± 2.4	26.3 ± 1.9 (8.7)	14.2 ± 1.4 (8.9)
LA-EtOAc	100	1.1 ± 1.0	15.7 ± 1.5	19.9 ± 1.9	33.4 ± 1.7	27.7 ± 1.4 (3.8)	13.2 ± 1.5 (15.4)
LA-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	100	1.2 ± 0.9	16.1 ± 1.1	21.8 ± 1.4	29.1 ± 1.3	26.3 ± 1.3 (8.7)	12.7 ± 1.2 (18.6)
Linariin	100	1.2 ± 0.7	17.8 ± 1.3	22.9 ± 1.5	25.6 ± 1.9 (2.3)	26.9 ± 1.9 (6.6)	13.4 ± 1.5 (14.1)
Antirrinoside	100	1.3 ± 0.9	17.0 ± 1.2	26.3 ± 1.4	39.2 ± 1.9	25.5 ± 1.2 (11.5)	12.9 ± 1.1 (17.3)
Indomethacin	10	1.2 ± 0.8	11.2 ± 1.1 (16.4)	15.1 ± 1.0 (22.6)*	17.2 ± 1.2 (34.4)**	18.1 ± 1.1 (37.2)***	12.1 ± 1.4 (22.4)

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; SEM, standard error mean; LG, Linaria grandiflora; LGC, L. genistifolia subsp. confertiflora; LA, Linaria aucheri.

Table 3.  Effect of the extracts and active principles against TPA-induced ear edema in mice as measurement of swelling thickness and weight measurement of edema.

Test samples	Dose (mg/ear)	Swelling thickness (μm) ± SEM	Inhibition %	Weight edema (mg) ± SEM	Inhibition %
Control		214.9 ± 39.7		27.4 ± 6.2
LG-Hexane	0.5	232.6 ± 22.6	—	29.9 ± 7.9	—
LG-CH2Cl2	0.5	245.1 ± 30.6	—	32.5 ± 9.5	—
LG-EtOAc	0.5	236.6 ± 26.5	—	31.1 ± 6.9	—
LG-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	0.5	171.9 ± 18.1	20.0	23.2 ± 6.1	15.3
LGC-Hexane	0.5	240.1 ± 29.3	—	29.2 ± 6.4	—
LGC-CH2Cl2	0.5	219.4 ± 27.1	—	30.6 ± 8.3	—
LGC-EtOAc	0.5	186.0 ± 22.1	13.4	26.9 ± 5.0	1.8
LGC-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	0.5	201.5 ± 18.5	6.2	22.5 ± 4.9	17.9
LA-Hexane	0.5	227.4 ± 29.4	—	30.1 ± 7.1	—
LA-CH2Cl2	0.5	156.1 ± 12.2	27.4	22.1 ± 5.5	19.3
LA-EtOAc	0.5	149.3 ± 19.3	30.5	17.3 ± 5.5	36.9**
LA-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	0.5	113.2 ± 19.5	47.3**	18.4 ± 6.3	32.58*
Linariin	0.5	164.9 ± 17.3	23.3	20.1 ± 3.6	26.6
Antirrinoside	0.5	136.2 ± 17.1	36.6*	16.4 ± 4.1	40.1**
Indomethacin	0.5	58.3 ± 16.1	72.9***	11.3 ± 3.0	58.8***

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; SEM, standard error mean; LG, Linaria grandiflora; LGC, L. genistifolia subsp. confertiflora; LA, Linaria aucheri.

Table 4.  Effect of the extracts and active principles against p-benzoquinone-induced writhings in mice.

Material	Dose (mg/kg)	Number of writhings ± SEM	Inhibitory ratio (%)	Ratio of ulceration^a
Control		48.1 ± 5.5		0/6
LG-Hexane	100	57.1 ± 3.9	—	0/6
LG-CH2Cl2	100	49.9 ± 4.3	—	1/6
LG-EtOAc	100	49.6 ± 5.0	—	0/6
LG-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	100	48.7 ± 4.1	—	0/6
LGC-Hexane	100	51.0 ± 4.9	—	0/6
LGC-CH2Cl2	100	49.2 ± 5.2	—	2/6
LGC-EtOAc	100	52.3 ± 5.7	—	0/6
LGC-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	100	39.7 ± 3.9	17.4	0/6
LA-Hexane	100	48.9 ± 5.4	—	0/6
LA-CH2Cl2	100	38.9 ± 3.1	19.1	1/6
LA-EtOAc	100	39.8 ± 3.0	17.3	0/6
LA-MeOH:H2O (8:2)	100	30.4 ± 3.3	36.8**	0/6
Linariin	100	45.1 ± 5.9	—	0/6
Antirrinoside	100	34.2 ± 2.7	28.9*	0/6
ASA	100	25.3 ± 2.0	47.4***	4/6
	200	21.9 ± 1.5	54.5***	6/6

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; SEM, standard error mean. LG, Linaria grandiflora; LGC, L. genistifolia subsp. confertiflora; LA, Linaria aucheri.

^anumber of stomachs in experimental animals induced gastric lesions.