Caffeoyl phenols and alkamides of cultivated Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea atrorubens var. paradoxa

Figures & data

Table 1.  Morphological traits of Echinacea species, cultivars and line.

Species	Days to floral formation	Plant height (cm)	Stems (No. plant^−1)	Flower heads (No. plant^−1)
E. purpurea line CLS-P2	75.1 ± 17.8^a	46.21 ± 13.41^a	4.79 ± 2.01^a	19.40 ± 13.71^a
E. purpurea cv. Magnus	81.8 ± 14.3^a	38.50 ± 7.71^ab	2.00 ± 0.82^b	11.93 ± 4.89^ab
E. purpurea cv. White Swan	89.8 ± 17.6^a	36.13 ± 5.23^b	2.38 ± 0.86^b	15.12 ± 6.08^a
E. atrorubens var. paradoxa	97.9 ± 19.7^a	30.25 ± 12.80^b	2.60 ± 1.71^b	2.70 ± 2.36^b
	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F
	0.1332	0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0001

Data are present as mean and standard deviation.

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P_0.05 probability level.

Table 2.  Agronomic traits (g dry weight plant⁻¹) of Echinacea species, cultivars and line.

Species/cultivars	Aerial parts	Ground parts	Flower heads	Stems	Leaves	Rhizomes	Roots
E. purpurea line CLS-P2	92.93 ± 48.83^a	31.48 ± 22.52^a	31.60 ± 22.41^a	16.83 ± 14.33^a	44.50 ± 19.41^a	14.71 ± 12.53^a	16.77 ± 11.41^b
E. purpurea cv. Magnus	50.80 ± 14.82^b	15.22 ± 4.61^b	26.08 ± 6.85^ab	12.80 ± 5.00^ab	11.92 ± 4.79^b	6.33 ± 2.74^b	8.89 ± 3.30^b
E. purpurea cv. White Swan	59.06 ± 22.80^b	15.93 ± 8.03^b	30.71 ± 15.57^a	13.54 ± 5.25^ab	14.81 ± 7.05^b	5.21 ± 3.71^b	10.72 ± 5.34^b
E. atrorubens Var. paradoxa	37.51 ± 19.54^b	27.21 ± 6.88^ab	12.40 ± 6.77^b	4.67 ± 3.55^b	20.44 ± 13.01^b	3.82 ± 2.09^b	23.39 ± 5.86^a
	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F
	< 0.0001	0.0004	0.0466	0.0228	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0106

Data are present as mean and standard deviation.

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P_0.05 probability level.

Table 3.  The contents (on dry weight base) of total phenolics, caffeoyl derivatives and alkamides 8 and 9 in the flower heads of Echinacea species, cultivars and line.

Species	Total phenolics	Total caffeoyl derivatives	Cichoric acid	Caftaric acid	Chlorogenic acid	Cynarin	Echinacoside	Alkamides 8 and 9
	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	Mg g^−1	mg g^−1	μg g^−1
E. purpurea line CLS-P2	191.3± 33.0^b	125.3 ± 25.8^b	94.50 ± 21.71^b	23.82 ± 5.05^a	5.96 ± 3.76^a	0.30 ± 0.21^a	1.12 ± 0.55^b	197.2 ± 45.8^b
E. purpurea cv. Magnus	188.3 ± 31.4^b	116.7 ± 25.1^b	90.01 ± 21.42^b	21.53 ± 4.47^ab	3.87 ± 1.14^a	0.32 ± 0.05^a	1.41 ± 0.22^b	240.5 ± 30.6^b
E. purpurea cv. White Swan	232.6 ± 22.4^a	145.5 ± 27.0^a	115.13 ± 24.91^a	22.40 ± 4.12^b	6.50 ± 2.74^a	0.17 ± 0.04^a	1.67 ± 0.39^b	182.2 ± 89.2^b
E. atrorubens var. paradoxa	165.4 ± 23.5^b	147.0 ± 34.0^a	4.13 ± 0.97^c	7.54 ± 1.59^c	8.76 ± 10.61^a	0.26 ± 0.08^a	126.6 ± 25.10^a	991.9 ± 412.7^a
	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F
	< 0.0014	< 0.0299	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.2893	0.2862	< 0.0001	< 0.0001

Data are present as mean and standard deviation.

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P_0.05 probability level.

Table 4.  The contents (on dry weight base) of total phenolics, caffeoyl derivatives and alkamides 8 and 9 in the leaves of Echinacea species, cultivars and line.

Species	Total phenolics	Total caffeoyl derivatives	Cichoric acid	Caftaric acid	Chlorogenic acid	Cynarin	Echinacoside	Alkamides 8 and 9
	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	μg g^−1
E. purpurea line CLS-P2	83.91 ± 19.01^a	61.73 ± 21.52^a	40.34 ± 17.73^a	20.62 ± 6.27^a	0.15 ± 0.19^b	0.51 ± 0.46^a	0.79 ± 0.61^b	97.74 ± 9.29^b
E. purpurea cv. Magnus	70.42 ± 23.11^b	34.23 ± 7.78^b	24.23 ± 6.83^b	9.24 ± 3.00^b	0.23 ± 0.25^a	0.32 ± 0.09^ab	0.59 ± 0.15^b	102.21 ± 12.50^b
E. purpurea cv. White Swan	69.83 ± 26.50^b	31.75 ± 11.83^b	20.03 ± 8.28^b	11.19 ± 3.99^b	0.14 ± 0.10^b	0.27 ± 0.17^b	0.42 ± 0.26^b	94.13 ± 3.99^b
E. atrorubens var. paradoxa	39.13 ± 14.80^c	20.02 ± 7.78^b	4.13 ± 0.97^c	Trace	0.43 ± 0.35^a	0.16 ± 0.08^ab	15.43 ± 7.30^a	156.12 ± 26.71^a
	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F
	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0289	< 0.0001	< 0.0001

Data are present as mean and standard deviation.

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P_0.05 probability level.

Table 5.  The contents (on dry weight base) of total phenolics, caffeoyl derivatives and alkamides 8 and 9 in the roots of Echinacea species, cultivars and line.

Species	Total phenolics	Total caffeoyl derivatives	Cichoric acid	Caftaric acid	Chlorogenic acid	Cynarin	Echinacoside	Alkamides 8 and 9
	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	mg g^−1	μg g^−1
E. purpurea line CLS-P2	56.01 ± 11.90^a	16.53 ± 5.83^c	9.73 ± 3.76^b	6.33 ± 2.22^b	0.10 ± 0.05^b	3.59 ± 1.10^a	0.31 ± 0.12^b	517.5 ± 235.7^b
E. purpurea cv. Magnus	38.92 ± 9.35^b	19.71 ± 5.39^c	11.72 ± 3.85^b	7.27 ± 1.91^b	0.08 ± 0.01^b	2.16 ± 0.84^b	0.72 ± 0.28^b	411.8 ± 30.6^b
E. purpurea cv. White Swan	43.01 ± 12.32^b	27.40 ± 9.26^b	13.59 ± 5.49^a	13.32 ± 4.04^a	Trace	2.10 ± 2.17^b	0.47 ± 0.19^b	1285.7 ± 967.2^a
E. atrorubens var. paradoxa	39.01 ± 12.63^b	62.93 ± 23.34^a	0.17 ± 0.13^c	0.07 ± 0.01^c	0.88 ± 1.05^a	0.20 ± 0.06^c	61.80 ± 23.72^a	147.6 ± 43.3^b
	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F	Pr > F
	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0002	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001

Data are present as mean and standard deviation.

Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P_0.05 probability level.