In vivo antiarthritic activity of the ethanol extracts of stem bark and seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum in Freund’s complete adjuvant induced arthritis

Figures & data

Table 1. In vitro anti-inflammatory assay of ESBCI and ESCI.

		Mean percentage of proteinase inhibition activity (%)			Mean percentage inhibition of membrane haemolysis (%)
S.NO	Concentration (μg/ml)	Diclofenac sodium	ESBCI	ESCI	Diclofenac sodium	ESBCI	ESCI
1.	50	56.08 ± 0.243	31.38 ± 0.348	17.66 ± 0.143	30.23 ± 0.116	21.13 ± 0.153	12.74 ± 0.289
2.	100	59.45 ± 0.124	46.15 ± 0.133	30.06 ± 0.510	43.58 ± 0.284	36.49 ± 0.271	20.23 ± 0.206
3.	150	62.43 ± 0.065	58.92 ± 0.107	40.86 ± 0.309	52.43 ± 0.273	51.17 ± 0.314	46.89 ± 0.392
4.	200	75.36 ± 0.092	68.95 ± 0.282	62.86 ± 0.302	68.61 ± 0.051	66.29 ± 0.069	53.83 ± 0.335
5.	250	80.31 ± 0.109	73.13 ± 0.328	74.64 ± 0.095	72.55 ± 0.237	71.10 ± 0.181	72.31 ± 0.528

Values indicate Mean ± S.E., n = 3.

ESBCI: Ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Calophyllum inophyllum; ESCI: Ethanolic extract of the seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum.

Table 2. Effect of ESBCI and ESCI on paw volume of Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritic rats.

	Paw volume of the rats in ml Mean ± SEM (% inhibition)
Groups	Day 0	Day 7	Day 14	Day 21	Day 28
Group I	0.92 ± 0.010	0.93 ± 0.006	0.95 ± 0.004	0.93 ± 0.006	0.94 ± 0.007
Group II	0.98 ± 0.004	1.44 ± 0.013	1.61 ± 0.006	1.56 ± 0.007	1.54 ± 0.006
Group III	0.90 ± 0.103 (8.16%)	1.29 ± 0.009 b* (10.42%)	1.21 ± 0.008 b* (25.31%)	1.15 ± 0.013 b* (26.28%)	0.87 ± 0.006 b* (43.51%)
Group IV	0.97 ± 0.003 (1.02%)	1.27 ± 0.008 b*c* (11.80%)	1.26 ± 0.007 b*c* (21.73%)	1.19 ± 0.003 b*c*(23.72%)	1.10 ± 0.009 b*c* (28.57%)
Group V	0.94 ± 0.009 (4.08%)	1.32 ± 0.005 b*c* (8.82%)	1.28 ± 0.007 b*c* (20.49%)	1.22 ± 0.007 b*c* (21.15%)	0.98 ± 0.007 b*c* (36.36%)
Group VI	0.94 ± 0.004 (4.08%)	1.27 ± 0.005 b*c* (11.80%)	1.24 ± 0.004 b*c* (22.98%)	1.21 ± 0.003 b*c* (22.24%)	1.13 ± 0.003 b*c* (26.62%)
Group VII	0.91 ± 0.003 (7.14%)	1.25 ± 0.003 b*c* (13.19%)	1.22 ± 0.004 b*c* (24.22%)	1.19 ± 0.003 b*c* (23.72%)	1.04 ± 0.042 b*c* (32.48%)

Group I: Normal control; Group II: Negative control; Group III: Positive control; Group IV: ESBCI (28 days drug treatment); Group V: ESCI (28 days drug treatment); Group VI: ESBCI (14 days drug treatment); Group VII: ESCI (14 days drug treatment).

Values in parenthesis indicate the percentage inhibition of paw oedema for the respective groups. Values are expressed as Mean ± SEM, n = 6 animals in each group.

Comparisons were made between: b: Group II vs. groups III, IV, V, VI and VII; c: Group III vs. groups IV, V, VI and VII.

* Represents the statistical significance at p < .01.

Table 3. Effect of ESBCI and ESCI on haematological parameters of control and adjuvant induced arthritic rats.

Groups	RBC (millions/mm^3)	WBC (thousands/mm^3)	Hb (g/dL)
Group I	7.19 ± 0.044	9.81 ± 0.018	14.11 ± 0.039
Group II	3.38 ± 0.038	19.88 ± 0.151	9.17 ± 0.037
Group III	5.05 ± 0.016 b*	8.39 ± 0.009 b*	13.16 ± 0.068 b*
Group IV	5.52 ± 0.681 b*c*	10.32 ± 0.062 b*c*	10.61 ± 0.145 b*c*
Group V	5.94 ± 0.021 b*c*	9.57 ± 0.209 b*c*	11.15 ± 0.047 b*c*
Group VI	6.41 ± 0.006 b*c*	9.94 ± 0.123 b*c*	9.63 ± 0.024 b*c*
Group VII	6.01 ± 0.005 b*c*	8.58 ± 0.053 b*c*	11.50 ± 0.014 b*c*

RBC: Red blood cell; WBC: White blood cell; Hb: Haemoglobin.

Group I: Normal control; Group II: Negative control; Group III: Positive control; Group IV: ESBCI (28 days drug treatment); Group V: ESCI (28 days drug treatment); Group VI: ESBCI (14 days drug treatment); Group VII: ESCI (14 days drug treatment).

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6 animals in each group.

Comparisons were made between: b: Group II vs. groups III, IV, V, VI and VII. c: Group III vs. groups IV, V, VI and VII.

* Represents the statistical significance at p < .05.

Table 4. Effect of ESBCI and ESCI on biochemical parameters of control and adjuvant induced arthritic rats.

Groups	ALP	AST	ALT	CRP
Group I	150.7 ± 0.013	59.41 ± 0.177	68.55 ± 0.245	105.5 ± 0.186
Group II	271.8 ± 1.379	115.2 ± 0.109	99.22 ± 0.074	135.6 ± 0.141
Group III	149.4 ± 0.471 b*	70.42 ± 0.199 b*	80.62 ± 0.158 b*	110.3 ± 0.297 b*
Group IV	199.9 ± 0.886b*	94.44 ± 2.057b*	88.22 ± 0.142b*	122.3 ± 0.142 b*
Group V	187.7 ± 0.409b*	82.19 ± 0.193b*	84.00 ± 0.258b*	112.3 ± 0.209 b*
Group VI	202.1 ± 0.828b*	111.7 ± 0.557b*	99.89 ± 0.432b*	128.3 ± 0.329 b*
Group VII	182.7 ± 0.330b*	98.77 ± 0.290b*	96.88 ± 0.209b*	125.1 ± 0.188 b*

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; CRP: C reactive protein.

Group I: Normal control; Group II: Negative control; Group III: Positive control; Group IV: ESBCI (28 days drug treatment); Group V: ESCI (28 days drug treatment); Group VI: ESBCI (14 days drug treatment); Group VII: ESCI (14 days drug treatment).

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6 animals in each group.

Comparisons were made between: b: Group II vs. groups III, IV, V, VI and VII. c: Group III vs. groups IV, V, VI and VII.

* Represents the statistical significance at p < .05.

Figure 1. Histopathology of proximal interphalangeal joints on adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. (A) Group I normal control; (B) group II negative control; (C) group III positive control; (D) group IV ESBCI (28 days treatment); (E) group V ESCI (28 days treatment); (F) group VI ESBCI (14 days treatment); (G) group VI ESCI (14 days treatment).

Figure 2. Radiographs of hind legs in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. (A) Group I normal control; (B) group II negative control; (C) group III positive control; (D) group IV ESBCI (28 days treatment); (E) group V ESCI (28 days treatment); (F) group VI ESBCI (14 days treatment); (G) group VI ESCI (14 days treatment).