Synergistic in vitro activity of sodium houttuyfonate with fluconazole against clinical Candida albicans strains under planktonic growing conditions

Figures & data

Table 1. The primers for qRT-PCR.

Primer	Sequence (5'-–3')
IFD 6-f	TTGGGAAGATTTTGATCCTGTTG
IFD 6-r	CGAGTGCATGATTTCTTCATAAGTG
PHR 1-f	CTGCAAAGCTGTTAGTGGAGTAGC
PHR 1-r	TGATGATCCAGAAGTAGATGCAGAG
ZAP 1-f	CGACTACAAACCACCAGCTTCATC
ZAP 1-r	CCCCTGTTGCTCATGTTTTGTT
ADH 5-f	GTTGGCCTTTGTCATTCAGAT
ADH 5-r	TACAAAGACCACATCCATTGGG
BGL 2-f	CTCGCAACTGTTCTTACTTCAGTTG
BGL 2-r	TGACGTCTTTACAAGTACCGTCATC
XOG 1-f	CAGTTGACGAATATCACTGGACA
XOG 1-r	AATATCCAACAATGGTTGACAGG
FKS 1-f	TGTGCTGGTCCAATGTTAGGATTATGTTG
FKS 1-r	TGAAACCTTCAGTGACCCACATAACAA
ACT 1-f	AGCTTTGTTCAGACCAGCTGATT
ACT 1-r	GGAGTTGAAAGTGGTTTGGTCAA

Figure 1. SEM inspection of SH and/or fluconazole against C. albicans 1601 when no drug, 8 μg/mL fluconazole, 16 μg/mL SH, and 8 μg/mL fluconazole and 16 μg/mL SH were used.

Table 2. Interactions of SH and/or fluconazole against clinical Candida albicans strains.

	MIC90 alone(μg/mL)		MIC90 in combination (μg/mL)
C. albicans strains	SH	Fluconazole	SH	Fluconazole	FICI (Interpretation)
SC5314	32	1	16	0.5	1 (IND)
1601	128	128	16	8	0.19 (SYN)
1407	128	>1024	16	64	<0.19 (SYN)
1604	256	256	32	32	0.25 (SYN)
2009	256	1024	32	32	0.16 (SYN)
2209	256	>1024	32	4	<0.13 (SYN)
1110	256	32	64	16	0.75 (IND)
1107	128	512	8	64	0.19 (SYN)
1041	128	128	16	8	0.19 (SYN)
2305	64	32	32	8	0.75 (IND)
2301	128	256	64	8	0.53 (IND)
2103	128	1024	16	64	0.19 (SYN)
2304	256	>1024	32	64	<0.19 (SYN)
2111	64	>1024	16	8	0.25 (SYN)
2204	128	512	16	128	0.38 (SYN)
1803	64	128	16	32	0.5 (SYN)
2005	128	128	16	32	0.38 (SYN)
2226	64	>1024	16	64	<0.31 (SYN)
WY	128	4	32	2	0.75 (IND)

Figure 2. qRT-PCR analysis of IFD6, PHR1, ZAP1, ADH5, BGL2, XOG1 and FKS1 expressions under the treatments of no drug (control), 8 μg/mL fluconazole, 16 μg/mL SH, and 8 μg/mL fluconazole +16 μg/mL SH in C. albicans 1601. *p < 0.05, compared with the control.

Figure 3. Illustration for the functions of SH and/or fluconazole on β-1,3-glucan transportation and biofilm maturation in fluconazole-resistant C. albicans.