Evaluation of different Mediterranean essential oils as prophylactic agents in anisakidosis

Figures & data

Table 1. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oils assayed against Anisakis larvae performed by GC-MS.

Compound (%)	Spanish lavender	Cumin	Lavender	Marjoram	Oregano	Rosemary	Thyme
α-Thujene					0.49		0.02
α-Pinene	1.06	0.28	0.53	1.51	0.30	13.47	0.05
Camphene	1.30		0.24	0.37		5.86	0.06
Sabinene				1.54
β-Pinene		7.30	0.55	2.38		2.39
β-Myrcene		0.33		0.77	0.63	1.58	0.17
α-Terpinene					0.47		0.13
p-Cymene		12.25	0.18	0.49	3.32	2.15	17.74
Limonene	0.75		0.18	1.83		3.06	0.04
1,8-Cineole	5.17		19.58	68.05		27.98	0.14
Ocimene				0.48
Δ4-Carene		10.47			1.30		0.41
Linalilo oxide			0.28	0.37	0.23		0.10
Fenchone	48.68		0.09
Linanool			52.59	9.53	0.91	1.20	1.39
Camphor	39.98		17.33	0.73		23.32
Lavandulol			1.79
Santolina alcohol				1.25
Borneol			1.71	0.76	0.09	4.97	0.47
Terpinen-4-ol		0.39	0.35	0.84	0.46	1.11
α-Terpineol		0.82		4.83
o-Cresol		0.24
Isobornil format							0.05
Cuminaldehyde		34.11
Linalilo anthranilate				2.29
Felledral		0.72
Bornyl formate	1.89
Δ2-Caren-10-al		20.78				1.64	0.04
Δ3-C10-al		11.80
Thymol					0.22		76.31
Carvacrol					88.39		2.41
Terpenyl acetate				1.00
Aromadendrene				1.01	2.42	3.26	0.29

Figure 1. Larva L3 of Anisakis after being treated with essential oil of oregano in vitro. It can be observed in oesophageal and intestinal damage.

Table 2. In vitro study of the effect of the EOs against the L3 of Anisakis type I.

Total L3		Container				Muscle
		Total	NS	S	X	Total	NS	S	X
Spanish lavender	57	41 (71.9%)	32 (78.1%)	7 (17.1%)	2 (4.9%)	16 (28.1%)	16 (100%)	–	–
Cumin	237	196 (82.7%)	28 (14.3%)	123 (62.8%)	45 (23.0%)	41 (17.3%)	5 (12.2%)	33 (80.5%)	3 (7.3%)
Lavender	126	107 (84.9%)	71 (66.4%)	36 (33.7%)	–	19 (15.1%)	15 (79.0%)	4 (21.1%)	–
Marjoram	89	78 (87.6%)	78 (100%)	–	–	11 (12.4%)	10 (100%)	–	–
Oregano	102	62 (60.8%)	–	9 (14.5%)	53 (85.5%)	40 (39.2%)	15 (37.5%)	23 (57.5%)	2 (5%)
Rosmary	49	34 (69.4%)	33 (100%)	–	–	15 (30.6%)	15 (100%)	–	–
Thyme	88	69 (78.4%)	21 (30.4%)	38 (55.1%)	10 (14.5%)	19 (21.6%)	10 (52.6%)	9 (47.4%)	–

NS: L3 alive with no stimulus; S: L3 alive with stimulus; X = L3 dead.

Table 3. Sinopsis of the in vivo trials.

Product	Origin of L3	No of rodents	No of L3 inoculated	Lesions (number)/Location
Control	Muscle	6	36	11/8 Stomach and 3 small intestine
Spanish lavender	Container	3	16	–
	Muscle	2	10	–
Cumin	Container	7	28	–
	Muscle	2	5	–
Lavender	Container	4	25	1/Stomach
	Muscle	3	15	–
Marjoram	Container	6	30	–
	Muscle	2	10	1/Stomach
Oregano	Container	–	–	–
	Muscle	3	15	–
Rosmary	Container	4	20	2/Stomach
	Muscle	3	14	2/Stomach and small intestine
Thyme	Container	3	17	1/Stomach
	Muscle	2	10	–