Effects of β-caryophyllene and Murraya paniculata essential oil in the murine hepatoma cells and in the bacteria and fungi 24-h time–kill curve studies

Figures & data

Figure 1. GC chromatogram of essential oil of M. paniculata.

Table 1. Chemical composition of the essential oil of M. paniculata.

Compounds	n° CAS	RT	KI 1	KI 2	%
Limonene	138-86-3	8.4	1032	1031	0.26
Elemene (β)	515-13-9	23.0	1388	1391	0.09
Sesquithujene	58319-06-5	23.5	1400	1405	0.23
Caryophyllene (β)	87-44-5	24.2	1418	1418	57.57
Bergamotene (α)	17699-05-7	24.7	1431	1434	0.08
Caryophyllene (α)	6753-98-6	25.6	1453	1454	3.58
Curcumene (γ)	28976-68-3	26.7	1478	1480	1.71
Zingiberene (α)	495-60-3	27.4	1495	1495	31.72
Bisabolene (β)	495-61-4	27.8	1505	1509	0.12
Sesquiphellandrene (β)	20307-83-9	28.4	1521	1524	1.89
Nerolidol (trans)	40716-66-3	29.8	1559	1561	0.41
Caryophyllene oxide	1139-30-6	30.5	1575	1581	1.02
Cadinol (epi-α)	481-34-5	32.8	1637	1640	0.77
Total					99.5

RT: retention time; KI 1: experimental; KI 2: literature (Adams, 1995).

Table 2. Antioxidant activity of the M. paniculata essential oil and β-caryophyllene by the DPPH and ABTS methods.

	DPPH		ABTS
Compounds	IR50 (μg/mL)	IAA	IR50 (μg/mL)
Quercetin	3.22 ± 0.2	16.83 ± 0.8^a	1.6 ± 0.1^a
BHA	5.28 ± 0.1	9.04 ± 0.4^b	3.1 ± 0.2^b
BHT	9.38 ± 0.2	4.24 ± 0.2^c	3.2 ± 0.2^b
Essential oil	238.26 ± 12	0.22 ± 0.01^d	na
Caryophyllene (β)	283.10 ± 18	0.18 ± 0.01^d	na

Different superscripts at the same column correspond to significant difference (p < 0.05). na: no activity.

Table 3. Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the essential oil of M. paniculata and β-caryophyllene.

	Essential oil (mg/mL)			β-caryophyllene (mg/mL)
Microorganism	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC
S. aureus	1.0	2.0	2.0	1.0	4.0	4.0
S. typhimurium	0.5	1.0	2.0	0.5	2.0	4.0
E. coli	0.5	2.0	4.0	1.0	2.0	2.0
E. faecallis	0.5	1.0	2.0	1.0	4.0	4.0
	MIC	MFC	MFC/MIC	MIC	MFC	MFC/MIC
Aspergilus niger	0.2	0.2	1.0	0.5	0.5	1.0
Fusarium solari	0.2	0.5	2.0	1.0	2.0	2.0
Aspergilus fumigatus	0.1	0.5	4.0	0.5	0.5	1.0
Aspergilus parasiticum	0.2	0.5	2.0	1.0	4.0	4.0

Figure 2. Time–kill curve studies of M. paniculata essential oil and β-caryophyllene against S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhimurium and E. faecalis bacteria.

Figure 3. Time–kill curve studies of essential oil of M. paniculata and β-caryophyllene against the fungi A. niger, F. sollani, A. parasiticum and A. fumigatus.

Figure 4. Cytotoxic activity of M. Paniculata essential oil and β-caryophyllene in 3T3 fibroblasts and Hepa 1c1c7, a human hepatoma cell line using the MTT assay. Data are presented as percentage of cell death from three independent experiments. Camptothecin was used as positive control. Different letters correspond to significant difference (p < 0.05); CPT: camptothecin.

Adams RP. 1995. Identification of essential oils components by gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectroscopy. Carol Stream, IL: Allured Publishing Corporation.

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