Physiological characteristics, dry matter, and active component accumulation patterns of Changium smyrnioides in response to a light intensity gradient

Figures & data

Table 1. SOD, APX, CAT activities and free proline, AsA, MDA content in the leaves of C. smyrnioides subjected to different relative light intensity: 100% sunlight (Control), 60.54% sunlight (L1), 44.84% sunlight (L2), 31.39% sunlight (L3) and 10.56% sunlight (L4).

Treatment	SOD	CAT	APX	Free proline	AsA	MDA
	(U/gFW·h)	(U/gFW·min)	(μmolVc/gFW·h)	(μg/gFW)	(μg/gFW)	(μmol/gFW)
	Control	251.76 ± 6.03^a	3.70 ± 0.21^a	21093 ± 831^a	261.43 ± 9.13^a	117.31 ± 7.78^a	4.21 ± 0.33^a
L1	207.66 ± 6.51^b	2.71 ± 0.18^c	17675 ± 749^b	220.11 ± 9.06^b	111.78 ± 7.03^a	3.71 ± 0.28^a
L2	120.92 ± 4.37^c	3.17 ± 0.18^b	15967 ± 703^c	180.93 ± 9.11^c	116.13 ± 6.75^a	3.81 ± 0.27^a
L3	58.80 ± 3.84^d	1.87 ± 0.11^d	18241 ± 816^b	140.12 ± 7.27^d	97.54 ± 6.37^b	3.16 ± 0.21^b
L4	41.82 ± 3.81^d	1.50 ± 0.08^d	13685 ± 615^d	80.46 ± 7.04^e	101.08 ± 5.53^ab	2.57 ± 0.25^c

Different superscript letters denote significant difference at p = 0.05. Means ± standard deviations (SD) (n = 3) are shown.

Figure 1. Chlorophyll content in the leaves of C. smyrnioides subjected to different relative light intensity: 100% sunlight (Control), 60.54% sunlight (L1), 44.84% sunlight (L2), 31.39% sunlight (L3) and 10.56% sunlight (L4). Different letters denote significant difference at p = 0.05. Means ± standard deviations (S.D.) (n = 3) are shown.

Table 2. Photosynthetic parameters in the leaves of C. smyrnioides subjected to different relative light intensity: 100% sunlight (Control), 60.54% sunlight (L1), 44.84% sunlight (L2), 31.39% sunlight (L3) and 10.56% sunlight (L4).

Treatment	Pn	Ci	Gs	E	Pn/E
	(μmol/m^2·s)	(μmol/mol)	(mmol/m^2·s)	(mmol/m^2·s^1)	(μmol/mmol)
Control	20.29 ± 0.12^c	264.53 ± 1.53^a	0.55 ± 0.03^ab	10.11 ± 0.38^a	1.99 ± 0.07^b
L1	30.68 ± 2.14^a	234.78 ± 9.89^a	0.63 ± 0.07^a	10.95 ± 1.15^a	2.82 ± 0.19^a
L2	26.22 ± 1.71^ab	252.64 ± 5.51^a	0.64 ± 0.05^a	10.86 ± 1.04^a	2.41 ± 0.14^ab
L3	22.88 ± 2.08^bc	253.78 ± 8.28^a	0.54 ± 0.05^ab	9.98 ± 0.96^a	2.29 ± 0.11^ab
L4	13.65 ± 1.32^d	264.67 ± 4.18^a	0.34 ± 0.02^b	7.04 ± 0.71^b	1.95 ± 0.09^b

Means ± standard deviations (S.D.) (n = 5) are shown. Different superscript letters shown after means denote significant differences at p = 0.05.

Figure 2. Dry matter accumulation in the roots of C. smyrnioides subjected to different relative light intensity: 100% sunlight (Control), 60.54% sunlight (L1), 44.84% sunlight (L2), 31.39% sunlight (L3) and 10.56% sunlight (L4). SRL = specific root length. Different letters denote significant difference at p = 0.05. Means ± standard deviations (S.D.) (n = 30) are shown.

Table 3. The contents of polysaccharides, mannitol, choline and water-soluble components in the roots of C. smyrnioides subjected to different relative light intensity: 100% sunlight (Control), 60.54% sunlight (L1), 44.84% sunlight (L2), 31.39% sunlight (L3) and 10.56% sunlight (L4).

Treatment	Mannitol	Choline	Polysaccharide	Water-soluble extract
	(%)	(μg/g)	(%)	(%)
	Control	0.87 ± 0.04^d	258.81 ± 15.98^b	6.53 ± 0.21^b	29.86 ± 2.13^a
L1	1.05 ± 0.06^c	384.63 ± 21.67^a	8.75 ± 0.74^ab	32.18 ± 2.22^a
L2	1.17 ± 0.08^b	352.51 ± 23.44^a	10.80 ± 0.89^a	32.43 ± 2.73^a
L3	1.35 ± 0.09^a	405.58 ± 27.52^a	9.79 ± 0.60^a	33.12 ± 2.16^a
L4	0.80 ± 0.04^d	243.74 ± 20.13^b	8.79 ± 0.23^ab	33.97 ± 2.27^a

Different superscript letters denote significant difference at p = 0.05. Means ± standard deviations (S.D.) (n = 3) are shown.

Table 4. Correlation analysis of antioxidant enzyme activities, Pn, free proline (Pro.), AsA, MDA, chlorophyll (Chl.), dry root weight (DRW), polysaccharides (Pol.), mannitol (Man.), choline (Cho.) and water-soluble components (WSE) contents in the roots of C. smyrnioides subjected to different relative light intensity.

	SOD	CAT	APX	Pro.	AsA	MDA	Chl.	Pn	DRW	Man.	Cho.	Pol.	WSE
SOD	1
CAT	0.86^b	1
APX	0.75	0.68	1
Pro.	0.96^a	0.92^b	0.84^b	1
AsA	0.82^b	0.94^a	0.42	0.81	1
MDA	0.88^b	0.97^a	0.77	0.96^a	0.87^b	1
Chl.	−0.67	−0.83^b	−0.89^b	−0.80	−0.59	−0.85^b	1
Pn	0.46	0.43	0.31	0.57	0.42	0.58	0.22	1
DRW	0.16	0.06	0.11	0.26	0.06	0.24	0.07	0.93^a	1
Man.	−0.27	−0.09	0.14	−0.03	−0.26	0.07	−0.14	0.56	0.67	1
Cho.	−0.09	−0.07	0.13	0.10	−0.18	0.12	0.00	0.79	0.91^b	0.91^b	1
Pol.	−0.64	−0.36	−0.59	−0.50	−0.28	−0.33	0.42	0.30	0.46	0.67	0.60	1
WSE	−0.91^b	−0.91^b	−0.87^b	−0.93^a	−0.77	−0.91^b	0.89^b	0.24	0.09	0.21	0.19	0.68	1

^a0.01 > p > 0.001; ^b0.05 > p > 0.01.

Figure 3. HPLC chromatograms on water-soluble components in the roots of C. smyrnioides subjected to different relative light intensity: 100% sunlight (Control), 60.54% sunlight (L1), 44.84% sunlight (L2), 31.39% sunlight (L3) and 10.56% sunlight (L4).

Table 5. Peak areas in water-soluble components in the roots of C. smyrnioides subjected to different relative light intensity: 100% sunlight (Control), 60.54% sunlight (L1), 44.84% sunlight (L2), 31.39% sunlight (L3) and 10.56% sunlight (L4).

Retention Time (min)	Peak area (mAU*min)					Retention Time (min)	Peak area (mAU*min)
	Control	L1	L2	L3	L4		Control	L1	L2	L3	L4
	6.09	–	3.21	8.46	14.94		13.85	28.17	–	12.50	29.41	–	21.69
8.99	–	–	–	4.34	3.83	28.78	3.38	3.10	4.97	5.91	–
10.77	1.88	5.96	12.34	6.09	12.74	29.26	1.43	2.87	4.82	11.32	11.31
17.76	3.14	5.04	6.00	–	–	31.08	1.61	–	4.21	4.42	6.60
19.67	1.64	–	–	–	–	32.06	1.59	2.12	5.13	10.33	11.69
21.45	2.06	2.18	–	–	4.44	33.33	–	–	–	6.98	8.92
22.35	1.65	2.63	–	–	3.93	34.29	3.24	5.03	7.50	5.18	8.01
22.88	2.68	3.55	–	–	–	34.91	–	–	8.30	11.86	13.91
23.31	2.28	–	4.16	4.54	–	35.55	–	3.60	11.08	14.36	18.53
23.64	6.20	9.09	26.89	57.19	53.37	40.33	5.28	7.44	8.31	6.16	9.89
24.23	–	4.99	6.88	10.51	–	41.59	1.70	–	–	–	–
24.91	1.85	2.39	7.17	6.74	4.01	42.11	4.64	3.88	3.94	6.23	4.70
26.61	2.82	7.68	13.66	5.49	11.78	48.37	1.64	2.93	7.68	10.82	12.79
27.76	19.05	12.56	17.85	39.04	21.75	Total	69.78	102.76	198.75	242.44	257.75
Total area of detected peaks	142.01	192.09	339.15	363.54	397.20	Total number of detected peaks	203	197	190	178	175

‘–’ Denotes that a water-soluble component does not fall within the range of the 27 peaks.

Table 6. Similarity coefficients of water-soluble components in the roots of C. smyrnioides subjected to different relative light intensity: 100% sunlight (Control), 60.54% sunlight (L1), 44.84% sunlight (L2), 31.39% sunlight (L3) and 10.56% sunlight (L4).

	Control	L1	L2	L3	L4
Control	1.0000
L1	0.7479	1.0000
L2	0.5964	0.9186	1.0000
L3	0.7186	0.6896	0.7631	1.0000
L4	0.5735	0.7762	0.8952	0.9047	1.0000