Antioxidant properties of Ferulago angulata and its hepatoprotective effect against N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced oxidative stress in rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. Isocratic elution was performed with methanol-THF (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, 40 °C. C₁₈ reversed phase column (250 × 4.6 mm ID) was employed. The chromatogram was monitored with photodiode array detector (PDA) array detection at 325 and 290 nm α-tocopherol and all-trans-retinol.

Table 1. Vitamin (E, A, C), total antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid, trace element (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Co) and mineral (Mg, Ca, K, Na) content in FESB flower samples.

	FESB
Parameters	X ± SEM
α-Tocopherol (μg/g)	0.70 ± 0.13
Retinol (μg/g)	0.29 ± 0.03
Vitamin C (μg/100 g)	139.32 ± 7.06
Total phenolic content (mg GA/g)	90.47 ± 4.11
Total flavonoid content (mg QE/g)	37.39 ± 2.85
T. antioxidant capacity (mM AA/g)	171.61 ± 6.05
Fe (μg/g)	33.69 ± 0.18
Zn (μg/g)	16.97 ± 1.11
Cu (μg/g)	0.83 ± 0.04
Mn (μg/g)	7.51 ± 0.08
Cr (μg/g)	0.29 ± 0.03
Co (μg/g)	0.037 ± 0.002
Mg (μg/g)	299.0 ± 1.89
Ca (μg/g)	895.4 ± 2.73
K (μg/g)	4633 ± 17.12
Na (μg/g)	47.94 ± 1.06

Table 2. Percent values of DPPH, OH^•, O₂⁻, H₂O₂ and Concentrations (IC₅₀), which inhibit DPPH^• and OH^• radicals at the rate of 50% in methanol extracts of FESB flowers compared with a positive controls.

	DPPH^•		OH^•		O2^-	H2O2
	% Inhib. X plusmn; SEM	IC50 (μg/mL) X ± SEM	% Inhib. X ± SEM	IC50 (μg/mL) X ± SEM	% SARSA X ± SEM	% HPSA X ± SEM
FESB	70.82 ± 0.76	67.34 ± 4.14	68.67 ± 1.39	64.87 ± 4.68	51.58 ± 5.65	34.37 ± 12.28
BHT	51.95 ± 6.04	137.1 ± 0.59	66.04 ± 0.89	89.91 ± 4.13	47.96 ± 2.83	32.00 ± 2.16
α-toc.	–	–	–	–	36.20 ± 9.07	24.51 ± 4.04

Figure 2. Inhibition of DPPH and OH&cenveo_unknown_entity_wingdings_F09F; radicals versus concentrations of FESB flower methanol extract.

Table 3. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH-Px and CAT) activities in control, NDMA, FASB (150 mg/kg), NDMA + FASB (150 mg/kg), FASB (300 mg/kg) and NDMA + FASB (300 mg/kg) groups in liver tissue samples.

Groups	SOD (IU/mg prot.) X ± SEM	GSH-Px (IU/mg prot.) X ± SEM	CAT (IU/mg prot.) X ± SEM
Control	45.13 ± 3.36^b	1.64 ± 0.14^a,c	2.15 ± 0.21^c,a,b,a1
NDMA	31.77 ± 1.24^b,c	0.77 ± 0.06^a,a1,a2,c1	0.79 ± 0.07^a1,a2,a3
FASB^*	40.57 ± 3.83	1.44 ± 0.13^a1	1.60 ± 0.13^c,c1,a2
NDMA + FASB*	34.68 ± 1.14	1.16 ± 0.05^c	1.01 ± 0.06^a,c1,b1
FASB#	41.54 ± 2.22^c	1.48 ± 0.08^a2	1.79 ± 0.09^b1,a3
NDMA+ FASB#	38.05 ± 3.41	1.27 ± 0.11^c1	1.36 ± 0.18^b

^a,a1,a2,a3p < 0.001, ^b,b1p < 0.01, ^c,c1p < 0.05 (different letters, significant differences between groups). FASB* (150 mg/kg), FASB# (300 mg/kg).

Figure 3. Antioxidant enzyme (SOD, GSH-Px and CAT) activities in liver tissue samples of control, NDMA, NDMA +150 mg/kg FESB^(*),150 mg/kg FESB^(*),NDMA +300 mg/kg FESB# and 300 mg/kg FESB# groups.

Figure 4. Histochemical localization by H & E staining of the liver of (A) control (0.9% NaCl), (B) NDMA treated, (C) FESB (150 mg/kg), (D) NDMA+ FESB (150 mg/kg treated), (E) FESB (300 mg/kg treated) and (F) NDMA+ FESB (300 mg/kg) treated experimental animals. Biopsies of liver from Group A showing normal structure Bar: 20 μ. Section of the liver from Group B rats reveals liver hyperaemic, sinusoidal dilatation, perivascular cell infiltration, fibrosis in the portal area, degeneration and necrosis in the hepatocytes Bar: 20 μ. Section of liver from Group C, normal histologic structure. Section of liver from Group D, a small number of perivascular cell infiltration, hyperaemia, degeneration in the hepatocytes. Section of liver from Group E, rats showing normal histologic structure. Section of liver from Group F, decreased degree of degeneration in the hepatocytes and liver hyperemic Bar: 20 μ.