Anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinergic and cytotoxic effects of Sida rhombifolia

Figures & data

Table 1. The antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents of Sida rhombifolia.

	EC50 (μg/mL)
Plant Extract	DPPH Assay	FIC Assay	Total Antioxidant Capacity(μg of ascorbic acid equivalent/mg of extracts)	Total Phenolic Content (μg of gallic acid equivalent/mg of extracts)
HEX	>800.0	558.2 ± 2.3^a	695.4 ± 1.5^a	ND
EtOAc	380.5 ± 2.8^a	263.4 ± 3.5^b	736.5 ± 1.9^b	72.14 ± 6.39
MeOH	726.2 ± 2.6^b	577.6 ± 3.0^c	384.5 ± 1.1^c	67.62 ± 2.59
Ascorbic Acid	31.3 ± 1.3	40.0 ± 1.3	–	–

The values are expressed as mean ± SD in triplicate. Means with different letters are siginificantly different (p < 0.05). ND: Not detected; ?: not tested.

Figure 1. DPPH radical scavenging activity of S. rhombifolia. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.

Figure 2. Ferrous ion chelating capability of S. rhombifolia. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Bars denote statistically significant differences at p < 0.05.

Figure 3. Ferric-reducing antioxidant power of S. rhombifolia. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.

Figure 4. Anti-inflammatory activity of S. rhombifolia on NO Inhibition. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Bars denote statistically significant differences at p < 0.05.

Table 2. Anti-inflammatory properties of Sida rhombifolia.

	IC50 (μg/mL)
Plant Extract	NO Assay	Protein Denaturation Assay
Hex	52.16 ± 2.40^a	146.03 ± 2.32^a
EtOAc	58.57 ± 4.06^a	380.29 ± 0.90^b
MeOH	>100.00	>500.00
Diclofenac sodium	5.02 ± 0.38	304.72 ± 9.08

The values are expressed as mean ± SD in triplicate. Means with different letters are siginificantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 5. Anti-inflammatory effect of S. rhombifolia on protein denaturation. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Bars denote statistically significant differences at p < 0.05.

Figure 6. Anti-proliferative activity of S. rhombifolia at 100 μg/mL against cancer cells. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Bars denote statistically significant differences at p < 0.05.

Figure 7. The lethality of S. rhombifolia. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.

Figure 8. Anti-cholinesterase Activity of S. rhombifolia at 100 μg/mL. Each data point represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Bars denote statistically significant differences at p < 0.05.

Figure 9. Gas chromatography spectrum of HEX extract of S. rhombifolia.

Table 3. Phytochemical constituents identified in the HEX extract of Sida rhombifolia by GC-MS analysis.

Peak	Compound	Retention time (min)	Peak area (%)
1	Palmitic acid	8.369	15.86
2	Linoleic acid	9.290	15.44
3	Octadecanoic acid	9.421	4.36
4	Eicosanoic acid	10.483	2.16
5	Docosanoic acid	11.529	2.11
6	Tetracontane	14.368	5.38
7	Stigmasterol	15.790	2.98
8	Tetrapentacontane	16.028	4.68
9	γ-Sitosterol	16.383	5.00
10	Lupenone	17.094	2.89
11	Lupeol	17.438	3.51
12	Sitostenone	17.835	2.03