Potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Sambucus australis

Figures & data

Table 1. Quantification of total phenolics and tannins content present in the ethanol leaf and bark extracts of S. australis.

Plant material	Total phenolic*(mg/g)	Tannins*(mg/g)
Ethanol leaf extract	395.24 ± 3.97^a	77.38 ± 1.98^a
Ethanol bark extract	381.35 ± 1.98^a	47.62 ± 1.75^b

Different letters in the same column correspond to significant differences (p < 0.05). Tests was performed in triplicate and expressed as mean ± standard error.

* Results expressed in mg of pyrogallol equivalents per gram of crude extract.

Figure 1. Representative chromatogram of the ethanol leaf extract of S. australis (under conditions described in LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses).

Table 2. In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol leaf and bark extract of S. australis determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay.

	DPPH scavenging activity		FRAP	NO radical Scavenging activity
Sample	IC50 (μg/mL)	AAI	IC50 (μg/mL)	IC50 (μg/mL)
ELE	43.5 ± 1.55^a	0.8 ± 0.03^a	312.6 ± 2.61^a	285.0 ± 9.61^a
EBE	66.2 ± 0.78^a	0.5 ± 0.03^a	568.3 ± 4.72^b	972.6 ± 12.15^b
Tocopherol	11.8 ± 6.30^b	3.2 ± 1.10^b	–	–
Quercetin	–	–	15.7 ± 0.32^c	–
Gallic acid	–	–	–	223.2 ± 4.36^a

ELE: ethanol leaf extract; EBE: ethanol bark extract. Different letters in the same column correspond to significant differences (p < 0.05). Tests (n = 3) were performed in triplicate and expressed as mean ± standard error.

Table 3. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanol leaf and bark extracts of S. australis expressed as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in μg/mL.

	MIC (μg/mL)
	Ethanol leaf extract	Ethanol bark extract	Penicillin	Norfloxacin
S. aureus	1000	>1000	–	500
S. agalactiae	>1000	>1000	100	–
C. albicans	500	1000	–	30
E. coli	>1000	>1000	100	250
S. typhimurium	250	250	100	–
K. pneumoniae	250	250	100	–

Figure 2. S. australis reduce nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α concentration in vitro. RAW 264.7 macrophage were exposed with or without ethanol leaf and barks extracts of S. australis for 2 h and then stimulated with LPS/IFN-γ. (A) TNF-α and (B) NO production was measured 24 h later using ELISA Kit and the Griess reagent, respectively, as described in the “Materials and methods” section. Results are expressed as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *Significant at p < 0.05 compared to control LPS/IFN-γ-induced cells.