Antimicrobial activity of Buchenavia tetraphylla against Candida albicans strains isolated from vaginal secretions

Figures & data

Table 1. Antibiotic-resistance profile of C. albicans clinical strains isolated from vaginal secretion samples.

Strain	Amphotericin B	Ketoconazole	Fluconazole	Itraconazole
F01	R	S	S	S
F02	S	S	R	R
F03	S	S	S	S
F08	S	S	R	R
F11	S	S	R	R
F14	S	S	I	I
F22	S	S	I	I
F23	S	S	S	S
F27	S	S	I	I
Interpretation of IDZ values (mm) (CLSI, 2011)
Drugs		Sensitive (S)	Intermediate (I)	Resistant (R)
Amphotericin B		≥15	14–10	<10
Ketoconazole		≥28	27–21	≤20
Fluconazole		≥19	18–15	≤15
Itraconazole		≥23	22–14	<13

Table 2. Phytochemical analysis of B. tetraphylla leaves extracts.

	Extract
Phytochemical compounds	BTHE	BTEE	BTCE	BTME
Hydrocarbons	+	+	–	–
Sugars	+	–	+	–
Glycosides	+	–	–	–
Terpenes	+	+	+	–
Flavonoids	–	+	–	+
Tannins	–	+	–	+

BTHE: Buchenavia tetraphylla extracts hexane; BTEE: B. tetraphylla extracts Ethyl acetate; BTCE: B. tetraphylla extracts Chloroform; BTME: B. tetraphylla extracts Methanol.

Table 3. The anti-Candida albicans activity of extracts from B. tetraphylla leaves.

		B. tetraphylla extracts
		Ethyl acetate			Chloroform			Hexane			Methanol
C. albicans strains	MAR index	MIC^a	MFC^a	MFC/MIC	MIC^a	MFC^a	MFC/MIC	MIC^a	MFC^a	MFC/MIC	MIC^a	MFC^a	MFC/MIC
F01	0.25	1250	>5000	>4	625	5000	8	625	1250	2	625	1250	2
F02	0.5	1250	5000	4	1250	2500	2	2500	5000	2	625	2500	4
F03	0	2500	>5000	>2	625	2500	4	625	2500	4	1250	2500	2
F08	0.5	625	>5000	>8	625	1250	2	1250	5000	4	625	1250	2
F11	0.5	1250	2500	2	625	1250	2	156	1250	8	625	1250	2
F14	0	625	5000	8	625	1250	2	625	>5000	>8	625	1250	2
F22	0	1250	5000	4	625	2500	4	1250	2500	2	625	2500	4
F23	0	2500	5000	2	625	1250	2	1250	2500	2	1250	2500	2
F27	0	625	1250	2	625	1250	2	1250	2500	2	625	2500	4
UFPEDA 1007	0	625	2500	4	156	312	2	1250	5000	4	625	1250	2
Average MIC		1250 ± 721 μg/mL			641 ± 260 μg/mL			1078 ± 636 μg/mL			750 ± 264 μg/mL
Average MFC		4125 ± 1450 μg/mL			1096 ± 1305 μg/mL			3250 ± 1581 μg/mL			1875 ± 659 μg/mL

^a MIC e MMC is expressed at μg/mL; MAR index: multiple antibiotic resistance index; UFPEDA: Microbial Collection of the Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.

Figure 1. Combinatory effects of BTME and fluconazole against Candida albicans. non: non-interactive effect; add: additive effect; syn: synergistic effect; ant: antagonistic effect.

Figure 2. Effects of BTME on C. albicans. (a–c) Control cells; (d–f) cells treated with BTME at MIC for 12 h. (a–c) Ultrastructural aspects of untreated C. albicans culture at low (a) and high magnification (b–c) showing the presence of single and budding yeast cells with evident fragile blastoconidial septum (white arrow). (h) True hyphal structures could be also observed. Treated C. albicans culture at (d) low and (e–f) high magnifications. Note in (e) the presence of elongated cells (white asterisk) with multiple scars (white arrow). (f) Cells presenting surface depressions are indicated in white arrow.

Figure 3. Effect of BTME on nitric oxide production by J774 macrophages. *Significant differences in relation to control (p < 0.05).

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). 2011. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (21st edn) Wayne: M100-S21. Clin Lab Std Inst. 30.

 Google Scholar