Figures & data
Figure 1. Structures of (a) ursolic acid, (b) oleanolic acid, (c) dihydroursolic acid, and (d) eupatorin.
Figure 2. Chromatograms of the ursolic acid reference (a) and DESC solution (b).
Figure 3. Cell viability in macrophages treated with DESC at 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml, as determined by the MTT assay. Results are expressed as the percentage of surviving cells relative to control cells. The results are the mean of three determinations ± SEM.
Figure 4. Effects of the DESC extract on the LPS-stimulated levels of (a) TNF-α, (b) IL-1β, (c) IL-6 and (d) IL-10 levels in macrophages. The concentrations were determined by ELISA. The results are the mean of three determinations ± SEM. * p < 0.05 vs. LPS group.
