Amelioration of hyperglycaemia and modulation of antioxidant status by Alcea rosea seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. Total phenolic content of Alcea rosea seed extracts. The experiments were carried out in triplicates.

Table 1. Variation in fasting blood glucose level after oral administration of Alcea rosea extracts in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Fasting blood glucose level (mg/dl)
Groups	0th day	7th day	15th day
Group I (Normal)	100.5 ± 9.8	92.7 ± 9.3	101 ± 4.6
Group II (Diabetic)	360.7 ± 15.4^$	377.5 ± 13.1^$	408.5 ± 10.5^$
Group III (Metformin)	352.3 ± 10.05^$^,^#	201.09 ± 9.6^$^,^#	116.8 ± 11.53^$^,^#
Group IV (ARA 100)	370.2 ± 8.2^$^,^#^,*	351.2 ± 8.4^$^,^#^,*	306.7 ± 11.9^$^,^#^,*
Group V (ARA 300)	361.5 ± 10.7^$^,^Δ^,*	310.2 ± 10.6^$^,^#^,*	274.7 ± 14.6^$^,^#^,*
Group VI (ARM 100)	365.7 ± 11.1^$^,^Δ^,*	289.5 ± 5.9^$^,^#^,*	259.5 ± 6.60^$^,^#^,*
Group VII (ARM 300)	370.2 ± 12.7^$^,^#^,*	268.5 ± 6.7^$^,^#^,*	199.2 ± 7.1^$^,^#^,*

The values were presented as mean ± SD for six animals in each observation and evaluated by one way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni t‐test to detect inter group differences.

^$ p< 0.001, as compared with normal control group.

^# p< 0.001, as compared with Diabetic group.

* p< 0.001, as compared with Metformin.

^Δ Nonsignificant as compared with Metformin.

Figure 2. Effect of aqueous and methanol extracts of Alcea rosea seed on lipid peroxidation of liver and pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rat models. *p < 0.001, as compared with normal control group. **p < 0.001 as compared with diabetic group. Each value is a mean ± SD (n = 6 in each group). The experiments were carried out in triplicates.

Figure 3. Effect of aqueous and methanol extracts of Alcea rosea seed on glutathione level of liver and pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rat models. *p < 0.001, as compared with normal control group. **p < 0.001 as compared with diabetic group. ***p < 0.001 as compared with metformin group. Each value is a mean ± SD (n = 6 in each group). The experiments were carried out in triplicates.

Table 2. Effect of aqueous and methanol extracts of Alcea rosea seed on enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant status of liver in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Enzymes	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV	Group V	Group VI	Group VII
GR (μg GSSG utilized/min/mg of protein)	35.9 ± 7.3	10.5 ± 2.3*	27.1 ± 2.1*^,^#	15.5 ± 1.8*^,^#	22.5 ± 1.0*^,^#	18.4 ± 1.3*^,^#	24.4 ± 1.02*^,^#
GPx (μg GSH utilized/min/mg of protein)	38.1 ± 4.1	6.2 ± 2.1*	25.5 ± 2.01*^,^#	11.9 ± 2.1*^,^#	20.7 ± 1.2*^,^#	13.3 ± 1.2*^,^#	23.6 ± 2.04*^,^#
GST (nmol of CDNB conjugated/min/mg of protein)	32.02 ± 3.5	17.9 ± 1.4*	25.8 ± 1.02*^,^#	19.06 ± 0.7*^,^$	22.7 ± 1.8*^,^#	20.66 ± 1.1*^,^#	23.6 ± 2.30*^,^#
SOD (units/mg of protein)	48.3 ± 4.01	25.05 ± 3.2*	42.01 ± 2.08*^,^#	30.7 ± 2.6*^,^#	36.1 ± 1.7*^,^#	31.4 ± 1.4*^,^#	39.05 ± 1.5*^,^#
CAT (nmol H2O2 decomposed/min/mg of protein)	2630.8 ± 187.5	443.6 ± 62.9*	2134.8 ± 167.9*^,^#	854.1 ± 119.7*^,^#	1744.5 ± 132.5*^,^#	1131.8 ± 84.04*^,^#	1956.6 ± 125.2*^,^#

The data are presented as mean ± SD and evaluated by one-way ANNOVA followed by the Bonferroni t-test to detect intergroup differences.

* p < 0.01 as compared with normal control.

^# p < 0.01 as compared to alloxan treated group.

^$ Non-significant as compared to alloxan group.

Table 3. Effect of aqueous and methanol extracts of Alcea rosea seed on enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant status of pancreas in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Enzymes	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV	Group V	Group VI	Group VII
GR (μg GSSG utilized/min/mg of protein)	14.53 ± 2.2	6.47 ± 1.26*	12.78 ± 0.94^a^,^#	9.18 ± 0.85*^,^#	11.99 ± 0.85*^,^#	9.90 ± 0.41*^,^#	13.74 ± 0.88^a^,^#
GPX (μg GSH utilized/min/mg of protein)	6.13 ± 0.9	3.39 ± 0.48*	5.58 ± 0.46^a^,^#	3.53 ± 0.61*^,^#	4.57 ± 0.35^b^,*	3.79 ± 0.33^b^,*	5.33 ± 0.35^a^,*
GST (nmol of CDNB conjugated/min/mg of protein)	118.90 ± 1.5	60.88 ± 2.90*	107.70 ± 2.78*^,^#	78.01 ± 2.54^b^,*	96.47 ± 2.11*^,^#	82.15 ± 2.10*^,^#	103.1 ± 4.4*^,^#
SOD (units/mg protein)	54.05 ± 3.2	34.54 ± 3.26*	46.76 ± 1.83*^,^#	37.94 ± 1.40*^,^#	43.23 ± 2.99*^,^#	40.29 ± 1.29*^,^#	46.27 ± 0.83*^,^#
CAT (nmol H2O2 decomposed/min/mg of protein)	2206.1 ± 78.8	908.1 ± 104.4*	1779.3 ± 29.1*^,^#	1098.1 ± 10.3*^,^#	1578.9 ± 43.9*^,^#	1178.1 ± 86.1*^,^#	1689.1 ± 71.1*^,^#

The data are presented as mean ± SD and evaluated by one-way ANNOVA followed by the Bonferroni t-test to detect inter group differences.

* p < 0.01 as compared with normal group.

^# p < 0.01 as compared to alloxan treated group.

^a Non-significant as compared to normal group.

^b Non-significant as compared to alloxan group.