Rutin ameliorates oxidative stress and preserves hepatic and renal functions following exposure to cadmium and ethanol

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of rutin (RUT) on body weight, absolute and relative organ weights of the liver and kidney of rats after co-exposure to cadmium and ethanol (Cd + EtOH).

	Absolute (g)		Absolute (g)		Body weights (g)
Groups	Liver	Relative (g/100 gm)	Kidney	Relative (g/100 gm)	Initial	Final
Control	6.91 ± 1.14^a	3.84 ± 0.63^a	0.96 ± 0.02^a	0.53 ± 0.01^a	148.34 ± 21.82	187.8 ± 19.58
Cd	6.35 ± 0.38^a	3.34 ± 0.17^a	0.79 ± 0.04^b	0.36 ± 0.02^b	165.3 ± 9.75	191.8 ± 11.73
Cd + EtOH	3.41 ± 0.97^b	1.77 ± 0.49^b	0.76 ± 0.09^b	0.39 ± 0.05^b	147.8 ± 15.85	178.3 ± 16.37
25 RUT + Cd + EtOH	3.04 ± 0.14^b	1.84 ± 0.1^b	0.72 ± 0.01^b	0.42 ± 0.02^b	139.58 ± 18.02	175.8 ± 15.14
50 RUT + Cd + EtOH	5.71 ± 0.42^a	3.49 ± 0.29^a	0.74 ± 0.04^b	0.51 ± 0.03^a	154.54 ± 14.20	185.8 ± 14.44
100 RUT + Cd + EtOH	6.59 ± 0.73^a	3.68 ± 0.17^a	1.06 ± 0.07^a	0.59 ± 0.04^a	136.42 ± 21.44	178.88 ± 15.03

Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). Values with different superscripts are significantly different from each other^. (p < 0.05).

Table 2. Effect of rutin (RUT), ethanol (EtOH), and cadmium (Cd) co-exposure on serum Cd level and marker enzymes of hepatic function in rats.

Groups	Cd (ppm)	GGT (U/L)	LDH (U/L)	ALP (U/L)	ACP (U/L)	AST (U/L)	ALT (U/L)
Control	0.97 ± 0.02^a	56.16 ± 10.64^a	11.35 ± 1.46^a	150.5 ± 15.7^a	17.98 ± 5.71^a	209.94 ± 14.81^a	54.43 ± 2.26^a
Cd	3.25 ± 0.57^b	127.38 ± 11.46^b	17.95 ± 2.46^b	222.8 ± 16.4^b	58.35 ± 9.9^b	208.91 ± 6.29^a	52.64 ± 1.33^a
Cd + EtOH	2.54 ± 0.08^b	288.92 ± 40.12^c	16.21 ± 1.64^b	264 ± 9.3^c	151.2 ± 14.53^c	212.81 ± 0.42^a	54.05 ± 6.25^a
25 RUT + Cd + EtOH	1.86 ± 0.05^c	226.39 ± 18.83^c	15.05 ± 1.64^b	281.6 ± 14.14^c	110.14 ± 10.43^d	202.08 ± 18.51^a	51.42 ± 2.26^a
50 RUT + Cd + EtOH	1.73 ± 0.04^d	160.38 ± 4.09^d	10.72 ± 1.23^a	292.05 ± 7^c	31.93 ± 8.82^e	207.58 ± 9.96^a	55.1 ± 9.84^a
100 RUT + Cd + EtOH	1.28 ± 0.04^e	159.8 ± 18.01^d	9.56 ± 1.22^a	163.35 ± 11.67^d	20.19 ± 4.67^e	203.65 ± 6.66^a	54.8 ± 4.92^a

Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). Data with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 1. Effects of rutin (RUT), ethanol (EtOH) and cadmium (Cd) co-exposure on rat liver oxidative stress markers (a) malondialdehyde (MDA), (b) reduced glutathione (GSH), (c) catalase (CAT), (d) glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), (e) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (f) glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). Bars with different alphabets are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 2. Effects of rutin (RUT), ethanol (EtOH) and cadmium (Cd) co-exposure on oxidative stress markers in rat serum (a) malondialdehyde (MDA), (b) reduced glutathione (GSH), (c) catalase (CAT), (d) glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), (e) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (f) glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). Bars with different alphabets are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 3. Effects of rutin (RUT), ethanol (EtOH) and cadmium (Cd) co-exposure on rat kidney oxidative stress markers (a) malondialdehyde (MDA), (b) reduced glutathione (GSH), (c) catalase (CAT), (d) glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), (e) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (f) glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). Bars with different alphabets are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 4. Effects of rutin (RUT), ethanol (EtOH) and cadmium (Cd) co-exposure on serum (a) cholesterol level (b) bilirubin level and (c) uric acid level in rats. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). Bars with different superscript are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Figure 5. Representative photomicrographs from the liver showing the protective effect of RUT against Cd + EtOH-induced hepatic injury in rats. (a) Control: No visible lession seen (b) Cd: There is mild diffuse degeneration of hepacytes (arrows). (c) Cd + EtOH: There is a severe diffuse hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes (arrows). (d) 25 RUT + Cd + EtOH: Severe central venous congestion and periportal cellular infiltration by mononuclear cells and degeneration of hepatocytes (arrows). (e) 50 RUT + Cd + EtOH: No visible lesion seen (F) 100 RUT + Cd + EtOH: No visible lesion seen. H & E; mag ×400.

Figure 6. Representative photomicrographs from the kidney showing the protective effect of RUT against Cd + EtOH-induced renal injury in rats. (a) Control: No visible lesions seen (b) Cd: There is a diffuse tubular and glomerular degeneration (small arrows). (c) Cd + EtOH: Severe renal cortical congestion and diffuse tubular and glomerular degeneration (small arrows). (d) 25 RUT + Cd + EtOH: severe glomerular degeneration and necrosis (arrows). (e) 50 RUT + Cd + EtOH: No visible lesions seen (f) 100 RUT + Cd + EtOH: No visible lesions seen. H & E; mag ×400.