In vitro assessment of selected Korean plants for antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities

Figures & data

Table 1. Details of the Korean plants used in the current study and their usage related to effects on the CNS/cognitive functions.

Botanical name	Family	Common name	Usage (Zee 2009)	Sampling location (Collection time)
A. bidentata Blume	Amaranthaceae	Ox knee	Anti-inflammation	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
A. japonica (Miq.) Nakai	Amaranthaceae	Chaff flower	Antioxidant	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
A. rugosa	Lamiaceae	Korean mint	Antioxidant	National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS) (May 2013)
A. tuberosum Roth.	Liliaceae	Garlic chives	Antioxidant	Suwon, Korea (July 2012)
A. continentalis KITAGAWA	Araliaceae	Dok Hwal	Neuroprotection Antioxidant	NIHHS (May 2013)
A. capillaris Thunb.	Compositae	Redstem wormwood	Anti-inflammation	NIHHS (May 2013)
A. koraiensis NAKAI	Compositae	Korean starwort	Antioxidant	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
A. tartaricus L.	Compositae	Aster	Antioxidant	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
A. japonica Koidz.	Compositae	Atractylodes	Anti-inflammation	Suwon, Korea (July 2012)
B. platyphylla var. japonica	Betulaceae	White birch	Anti-inflammation	Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea (May 2012)
B. falcatum L.	Apiaceae	Sickle hare’s ear	Anti-inflammation	Jeollanam-do, Korea (June 2012)
B. koreana Nakai ex Chung & al.	Buxaceae	Korean box tree	Against neuralgia, rheumatism,	NIHHS (May 2013)
C. setidens NAKAI	Compositae	Korean gondre thistle	Anti-inflammation	Suwon, Korea (July 2012)
C. pilosula (FR.) NANNF	Campanulaceae	Pilose asiabell	Promotes growth of neurons	Suwon, Korea (July 2012)
E. ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl.	Lamiaceae	Vietnamese balm	Anti-inflammation	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
F. japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr.	Polygonaceae	Knotweed	Sedative	NIHHS (May 2013)
F. vulgare Mill.	Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)	Fennel	Antioxidant	NIHHS (May 2013)
G. scabra Bunge for. Scabra	Gentianaceae	Korean gentian	Anti-inflammation	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
H. dulcis Thunb.	Rhamnaceae	Raisin tree	Anti-inflammation	Gangwon-do, Korea (May 2014)
I. tinctoria var. yezoensis OHWI	Cruciferae	Woad	Antioxidant	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
L. indica var. laciniata	Compositae	Indian lettuce	Sedative	Suwon, Korea (July 2012)
L. japonicus Houtt.	Lamiaceae	Chinese motherwort	Antioxidant	NIHHS (May 2013)
L. sibiricus Linne	Labiatae	Honeyweed	Antioxidant	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
M. charantia L.	Cucurbitaceae	Bitter gourd	Antidiabetic	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
O. biennis L.	Onagraceae	Evening primrose	Anti-inflammation	NIHHS (May 2013)
O. japonicus KER-GAWLER	Liliaceae	Liriope tuber	Protects brain cells, promotes growth of neurons	Suwon, Korea (July 2012)
P. nil Chosy	Convolvulaceae	Morning glory	Anti-inflammation	Suwon, Korea (July 2012)
P. amurense Rupr.	Rutaceae	Amur cork tree	Improves memory	Suwon, Korea (July 2012)
P. vulgaris var. lilacina NAKAI	Labiatae	Common self-heal	Antiaging	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
R. glutinosa (GAERTNER) LIBOSCHITZ	Scrophulariaceae	Rehmannia root	Protection of brain cells, improves memory	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
S. chinensis (Lour.) Baill.	Saururaceae	Lizard’s tail	Protection of brain cells	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
S. tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq.	Lamiaceae	Schizonepeta spike	Antiaging	Suwon, Korea (July 2012)
S. buergeriana Miq.	Scrophulariaceae	Scrophularia root	Anti-inflammation	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)
Senna tora (L.) Roxb.	Leguminosae	Cassia seed	Antiaging	NIHHS (May 2013)
T. kirilowii Maxim	Cucurbitaceae	Chinese cucumber	Anti-inflammation	Suwon, Korea (July 2013)

Table 2. Antioxidant activities of 36 different extracts from 35 selected plants.

Test samples	Part	Extract solvent	IC50 (μg/mL)^a	IC50 (μg/mL)^a
DPPH	ABTS
A. bidentata	RT	100% MeOH	>200	>200
A. japonica	RT	100% MeOH	>200	>200
A. rugosa	ST	100% H2O	>200	>200
A. tuberosum	AP	100% MeOH	169.32	>200
A. continentalis	ST	100% H2O	>200	>200
A. capillaris	AP	100% EtOH	13.17	114.87
A. koraiensis	AP	100% MeOH	44.23	94.68
A. tartaricus	FL	100% EtOH (74 °C)	11.28	>200
A. japonia	BU	100% MeOH	194.54	>200
B. platyphylla var. japonica	BA	80% EtOH/H2O	9.85	>200
B. falcatum	RT	100% EtOH (74 °C)	>200	>200
B. koreana	ST	100% H2O	107.79	>200
C. setidens	AP	100% MeOH	36.20	>200
C. pilosula	AP	100% EtOH (85 °C)	32.44	>200
E. ciliata	AP	100% MeOH	69.26	183.08
F. japonica	ST	100% EtOH	14.03	96.41
F. vulgare	ST	100% EtOH	123.02	>200
G. scabra	RT	100% MeOH	>200	>200
H. dulcis	TW	100% MeOH	29.17	189.62
I. tinctoria var. yezoensis	AP	100% EtOH (85 °C)	32.14	133.46
L. indica var. laciniata	RT	100% MeOH	>200	>200
L. japonicus	ST	100% EtOH	52.77	>200
L. sibiricus	AP	100% MeOH	83.85	137.63
M. charantia	AP	100% MeOH	>200	>200
O. biennis	SE	100% MeOH	9.09	23.40
O. japonicus	WP	100% MeOH	131.80	>200
P. nil	SE	100% MeOH	33.75	>200
P. amurense	BA	100% EtOH (74 °C)	124.58	>200
P. vulgaris var. lilacina	AP	100% EtOH (85 °C)	18.13	>200
R. glutinosa	RT	100% EtOH (74 °C)	>200	>200
S. chinensis	AP	100% MeOH	9.52	>200
S. tenuifolia	AP	100% MeOH	43.87	>200
S. buergeriana.	AP	100% MeOH	>200	>200
S. buergeriana	RT	100% MeOH	48.10	>200
Senna tora	SE	100% H2O	>200	>200
T. kirilowii	AP	100% EtOH (74 °C)	61.19	79.39
Ascorbic acid^b			4.97	9.88

^a IC₅₀ values were determined by curve-fitting the data points using nonlinear regression.

^b Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control for DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities.

WP: whole plant; RT: root; FL: flower; AP: aerial part; ST: stem; SE: seed; BU: bulb; BA: bark; TW: twig.

Table 3. AChE inhibition assays for 19 extracts of selected plants with antioxidant activity.

Test samples^a	% AChE inhibition at 100 μg/mL	IC50 (μg/mL)^b
A. capillaris	101.39 ± 0.66	>200
A. koraiensis	97.06 ± 3.28	>200
A. tartaricus	93.34 ± 0.66	>200
B. platyphylla var. japonica	89.63 ± 5.90	>200
C. setidens	91.79 ± 1.09	>200
C. pilosula	102.47 ± 4.81	>200
E. ciliata	68.27 ± 1.09	>200
F. japonica	64.09 ± 3.50	>200
H. dulcis	96.44 ± 1.09	>200
I. tinctoria var. yezoensis	87.00 ± 3.06	>200
L. japonicus	95.67 ± 2.63	>200
L. sibiricus	82.82 ± 1.97	>200
O. biennis	25.41 ± 0.43	20.09
P. nil	39.16 ± 1.31	22.79
P. vulgaris var. lilacina	39.03 ± 0.87	18.83
S. chinensis	59.15 ± 2.65	>200
S. tenuifolia	92.42 ± 2.41	>200
S. buergeriana	109.90 ± 1.31	>200
T. kirilowii	96.75 ± 0.66	>200
Donepezil hydrochloride^c	92.42 ± 3.72	0.03

^a Tested extracts were the same as those used for the antioxidant assay.

^b IC₅₀ values were determined by curve-fitting the data points using nonlinear regression.

^c Donepezil hydrochloride was used as a positive control for the AChE inhibition activity.

Zee OP. 2009. Pharmacognosy. Seoul, Korea: Sunkyunkwan University Press.

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