The role of artichoke leaf tincture (Cynara scolymus) in the suppression of DNA damage and atherosclerosis in rats fed an atherogenic diet

Figures & data

Figure 1. Normalized HO-1 mRNA levels in aortas from rats fed different diets (after 10,000 repeated samples in Monte Carlo simulation). *Significantly lower expression of HO-1 than in CG (p = 0.049). #Significantly lower expression of HO-1 than in AD (p = 0.021).

Figure 2. Normalized MCP-1 mRNA levels in aortas from rats fed different diets (after 10,000 repeated samples in Monte Carlo simulation). *Significantly lower expression of MCP-1 than in AD (p = 0.047).

Figure 3. Normalized HO-2 mRNA (panel A), NOX-4 mRNA (panel B) and NLF2L2 mRNA (panel C) levels in aortas from rats fed different diets (after 10,000 repeated samples in Monte Carlo simulation).

Figure 4. DNA scores in aortas from rats fed different diets (after 10,000 repeated samples in Monte Carlo simulation). *Significantly lower DNA score than in AD (p = 0.020).

Table 1. Lipid status of Wistar rats on different diet regimes.

Parameter	CG	AD	ADA	p
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	0.49 (0.41–0.53)	0.42 (0.36–0.58)	0.45 (0.34–0.55)	0.724
TG, mmol/L	0.79 (0.57–0.89)	0.52 (0.44–0.65)	0.39 (0.32–0.56)^a^,*	0.042
log(TG/HDL-cholesterol)	0.21 (0.034–0.290)	0.076 (−0.017 to 0.180)	−0.014 (−0.088 to 0.112)^a^,*	0.018

All results are presented as median and interquartile range.

^a Significantly lower than CG.

* p < 0.05. Kruskall–Wallis test than Mann–Whitney U test. After 10,000 repeated samples in Monte Carlo simulation.