http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8622-3920
Figures & data
Figure 1. Chemical structures of five major constituents in A. officinarum ethanol extract. Galangin: 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone; Kaempferide: 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4-methoxyflavone; DPHA: 5-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone; DPHB: 7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4-ene-3-heptanone; DPHC: 1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy-3-heptanone.
Figure 2. Gross findings of indomethacin-induced gastric damage in the rat gastric mucosa. Normal rat gastric mucosa (A) was damaged by the oral administration of indomethacin (B: 0.3 g/kg), and most of the damage was alleviated by treatment with A. officinarum extract (C: 0.18 g/kg; D: 0.09 g/kg; E: 0.03 g/kg) and galangin (F: 0.2 g/kg) after indomethacin administration. (G) Treatment with 0.08 g/kg bismuth potassium citrate. Healthy rat gastric mucosa in the control group (GUI of 0) are not shown. CON: vehicle control; AOE-H: 0.18 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-M: 0.09 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-L: 0.03 g/kg A. officinarum extract; GAL: 0.2 g/kg galangin; POS: 0.08 g/kg bismuth potassium citrate; MOD: 0.3 g/kg indomethacin. +++p < 0.001 compared with the POS group; ***p < 0.001 compared with the MOD group.
Figure 3. Histological findings (A–G) of the indomethacin-induced gastric damage in the rat gastric mucosa (magnification, 20×). Normal rat gastric mucosa (A) was damaged by the oral administration of indomethacin (B: 0.3 g/kg), and most of the damage was alleviated by treatment with A. officinarum extract (C: 0.18 g/kg; D: 0.09 g/kg; E: 0.03 g/kg) and galangin (F: 0.2 g/kg). (G) Treatment with 0.08 g/kg bismuth potassium citrate. Healthy rat gastric mucosa in the control group (histological index of 0) are not shown. CON: vehicle control; AOE-H: 0.18 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-M: 0.09 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-L: 0.03 g/kg A. officinarum extract; GAL: 0.2 g/kg galangin; POS: 0.08 g/kg bismuth potassium citrate; MOD: 0.3 g/kg indomethacin. +p < 0.05 compared with the POS group; *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 compared with the MOD group.
Figure 4. Western blot analysis of COX-1 and COX-2 in gastric mucosal tissues after 6 days of treatment. CON: vehicle control; AOE-H: 0.18 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-M: 0.09 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-L: 0.03 g/kg A. officinarum extract; GAL: 0.2 g/kg galangin; POS: 0.08 g/kg bismuth potassium citrate; MOD: 0.3 g/kg indomethacin. #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 compared with the CON group; *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 compared with the MOD group.
Figure 5. Effects of A. officinarum extract and galangin on TNF-α (A) and VEGF (B) levels in the serum. CON: vehicle control; AOE-H: 0.18 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-M: 0.09 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-L: 0.03 g/kg A. officinarum extract; GAL: 0.2 g/kg galangin; POS: 0.08 g/kg bismuth potassium citrate; MOD: 0.3 g/kg indomethacin. #p < 0.05 compared with the CON group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared with the MOD group; +p < 0.05 and +++p < 0.001 compared with the POS group.
Figure 6. Effects of the A. officinarum extract and galangin on ECE-1 (A), cNOS (B), NO (C), ODC (D), and CSE (E) levels in the gastric mucosa. AOE-H: 0.18 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-M: 0.09 g/kg A. officinarum extract; AOE-L: 0.03 g/kg A. officinarum extract; GAL: 0.2 g/kg galangin; POS: 0.08 g/kg bismuth potassium citrate; MOD: 0.3 g/kg indomethacin. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, and ###p < 0.001 compared with the CON group; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with the MOD group; +p < 0.05 compared with the POS group.
