Figures & data
Table 1. Primers for real-time PCR.
Figure 1. Cell viability and proliferation of human glioblastoma cells. (A) U87 (left) and U251 (right) cells were treated with 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μmol/L of berberine for 48 h before cell viability was determined by MTT assay. (B) U87 (left) and U251 (right) cells were treated with 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L of berberine for 48 h before cell proliferation was determined by EdU assay. ***p< 0.001 vs. control. All experiments were repeated at least three times.
![Figure 1. Cell viability and proliferation of human glioblastoma cells. (A) U87 (left) and U251 (right) cells were treated with 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μmol/L of berberine for 48 h before cell viability was determined by MTT assay. (B) U87 (left) and U251 (right) cells were treated with 25, 50 and 100 μmol/L of berberine for 48 h before cell proliferation was determined by EdU assay. ***p< 0.001 vs. control. All experiments were repeated at least three times.](/cms/asset/33bde3be-2dbd-4b93-a803-124da815504c/iphb_a_1548627_f0001_b.jpg)
Figure 2. Cell migration and tube formation of HUVEC. (A) HUVEC was seeded into Transwell and treated with 50 μmol/L of berberine for 12 h. (B) HUVEC was seeded into Matrigel and treated with 50 μmol/L of berberine for 6 h. ***p< 0.001 vs. control. All experiments were repeated at least three times.
![Figure 2. Cell migration and tube formation of HUVEC. (A) HUVEC was seeded into Transwell and treated with 50 μmol/L of berberine for 12 h. (B) HUVEC was seeded into Matrigel and treated with 50 μmol/L of berberine for 6 h. ***p< 0.001 vs. control. All experiments were repeated at least three times.](/cms/asset/38ed4be3-4c15-4d05-9b21-8f1d07e8e84d/iphb_a_1548627_f0002_b.jpg)
Figure 3. Tumour growth in ectopic xenograft model of glioblastoma. Athymic nude mice were injected subcutaneously with U87 cells (1 × 106 cells in 0.1 mL PBS), and treated with vehicle (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) or 50 mg/kg of berberine by oral gavage for 28 days. (A) Tumour volume. (B) Tumour weight. ***p< 0.001 vs. vehicle group. *p< 0.05 vs. vehicle group. N = 6 for each group.
![Figure 3. Tumour growth in ectopic xenograft model of glioblastoma. Athymic nude mice were injected subcutaneously with U87 cells (1 × 106 cells in 0.1 mL PBS), and treated with vehicle (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) or 50 mg/kg of berberine by oral gavage for 28 days. (A) Tumour volume. (B) Tumour weight. ***p< 0.001 vs. vehicle group. *p< 0.05 vs. vehicle group. N = 6 for each group.](/cms/asset/b5da0ead-803e-405e-b06f-cd534263fa83/iphb_a_1548627_f0003_c.jpg)
Figure 4. Tumour growth in orthotopic xenograft model of glioblastoma. Athymic nude mice were injected intracranially with U87 cells (2 × 105 cells in 5 μL of methylcellulose) by stereotactic surgery, and treated with vehicle (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) or 50 mg/kg of berberine by oral gavage for 28 days. Survival studies were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier survival curves and analysed with the Mantel–Cox log-rank test. N = 8 for each group.
![Figure 4. Tumour growth in orthotopic xenograft model of glioblastoma. Athymic nude mice were injected intracranially with U87 cells (2 × 105 cells in 5 μL of methylcellulose) by stereotactic surgery, and treated with vehicle (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) or 50 mg/kg of berberine by oral gavage for 28 days. Survival studies were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier survival curves and analysed with the Mantel–Cox log-rank test. N = 8 for each group.](/cms/asset/9db0a21e-6552-42d8-8b8a-a7f402cbe67e/iphb_a_1548627_f0004_b.jpg)