Ruta graveolens and rutin, as its major compound: investigating their effect on spatial memory and passive avoidance memory in rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds (mg/g of dry extract).

Caffeic acid	Rutin	Quercetin	Naringenin	Luteolin	Apigenin
19.92 ± 0.01	40.15 ± 0.01	ND	ND	ND	0.84 ± 0.01

ND: Non-detectable.

Figure 1. Effect of intraperitoneal injection of Ruta graveolens L. extract and rutin on latency to find the platform on day 3, 4 and duration of swimming in the tank ring target quadrant; RG30, RG100 and RG300: groups treated with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg of R. graveolens extract; #, ##, ### significant difference between control group and other groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001), **significant difference between rutin group and extract (p < 0.01) on day 3. ###significant difference between control group and other groups (p < 0.001), ***significant difference between rutin group and extract (p < 0.001) on day 4. ##significant difference between control group and other groups (p < 0.01), *significant difference between rutin group and extract (p < 0.05) on probe day.

Figure 2. Effect of intraperitoneal injection of Ruta graveolens L. extract and rutin on passive avoidance memory; RG30, RG100 and RG300: groups treated with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg of R. graveolens extract; # significant difference between control group and other groups (p < 0.05).

Figure 3. Effect of intraperitoneal injection of Ruta graveolens L. extract and rutin on serum antioxidant capacity; RG30, RG100 and RG300: groups treated with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg of R. graveolens extract; ### significant difference between control group and other groups (p < 0.001), *** significant difference between rutin group and extract (p < 0.001).

Figure 4. Effect of intraperitoneal injection of Ruta graveolens L. extract and rutin on brain antioxidant capacity; RG30, RG100 and RG300: groups treated with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg of R. graveolens extract; #, ##, ### significant difference between control group and other groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001), *significant difference between rutin group and extract (p < 0.05).

Figure 5. Effect of intraperitoneal injection of Ruta graveolens L. extract and rutin on serum malondialdehyde level; RG30, RG100 and RG300: groups treated with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg of R. graveolens extract; ###significant difference between control group and other groups (p < 0.001), *significant difference between rutin group and extract (p < 0.05).

Figure 6. Effect of of Ruta graveolens L. extract and rutin on brain malondialdehyde level; RG30, RG100 and RG300: groups treated with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg of R. graveolens extract; ###significant difference between control group and other groups (p < 0.001), ***significant difference between rutin group and extract (p < 0.001).