Hepatoprotective effect of Pandanus odoratissimus seed extracts on paracetamol-induced rats

Figures & data

Table 1. The research design of hepatoprotecting treatment using rat model cohort.

Rat cohort	Number of rats/cohort (n)	Induced by toxic agent (3 g/kg BW)	Treatment	Treatment dose (mg/kg BW)
Healthy control (KS)	5
Hepatotoxic control (KP)	5	A single-dose paracetamol
Silymarin (KSY)	5	A single-dose paracetamol	Silymarin	200
Sample treatment 1 (KE1)	5	A single-dose paracetamol	POS extract	300
Sample treatment 2 (KE2)	5	A single-dose paracetamol	POS extract	600
Sample treatment 3 (KE3)	5	A single-dose paracetamol	POS extract	900

Table 2. Phytochemical substituent value of P. odoratissimus extract.

Constituent	IC50 (ppm)	Percentage (w/w)
Total flavonoids		0.5%
Total phenolics		11.62%
Antioxidant power	31.25

Table 3. The effect of P. odoratissimus seed (POS) extracts towards SGOT and SGPT activities.

Cohort	Treatment	SGOT (U/L)	SGPT (U/L)
KS	Healthy control	161.40 ± 4.72^a	62.00 ± 5.20^a
KP	APAP 3 g/kg	897.25 ± 47.36^b	1636.20 ± 50.13^b
KSY	APAP + Silymarin	479.00 ± 7.78^c	334.40 ± 19.45^c
KE1	APAP + POS 300 mg/kg	476.75 ± 36.87^c	453.20 ± 22.12^d
KE2	APAP + POS 600 mg/kg	190.80 ± 14.26^a	156.40 ± 19.02^c
KE3	APAP + POS 900 mg/kg	109.80 ± 10.70^a	49.20 ± 2.86^a

Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5). Different superscript letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) between each other. The same superscript letters show no significantly different (p > 0.05) between each other.

Table 4. The effect of P. odoratissimus seed (POS) extracts towards ALP and GGT activities.

Cohort	Treatment	ALP (U/L)	GGT (U/L)
KS	Healthy control	318.20 ± 54.86^a	3.00 ± 1.000^a
KP	APAP 3 g/kg	672.00 ± 18.88^b	11.80 ± 2.049^b
KSY	APAP + Silymarin	569.80 ± 9.34^c	7.80 ± 0.837^c
KE1	APAP + POS 300 mg/kg	436.80 ± 8.56^c	6.80 ± 1.095^c
KE2	APAP + POS 600 mg/kg	372.80 ± 12.60^a	4.80 ± 1.095^a
KE3	APAP + POS 900 mg/kg	311.80 ± 20.75^a	2.80 ± 0.837^a

Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5). Different superscript letters indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) between each other. The same superscript letters show no significantly different (p > 0.05) between each other.

Figure 1. Effect of P. odoratissimus seed (POS) extract on total bilirubin of serum rats induced by paracetamol. KS: healthy control; KP: hepatotoxic control; KSY: silymarin control; KE1: POS extract 300 mg/kg; KE2: POS extract 600 mg/kg; KE3: POS extract 900 mg/kg.

Figure 2. Effect of P. odoratissimus seed (POS) extract on total direct bilirubin of serum rats induced by paracetamol. KS: healthy control; KP: hepatotoxic control; KSY: silymarin control; KE1: POS extract 300 mg/kg; KE2: POS extract 600 mg/kg; KE3: POS extract 900 mg/kg.

Figure 3. Effect of P. odoratissimus seed (POS) extract on total albumin levels of serum rats induced by paracetamol. KS: healthy control; KP: hepatotoxic control; KSY: silymarin control; KE1: POS extract 300 mg/kg; KE2: POS extract 600 mg/kg; KE3: POS extract 900 mg/kg.

Figure 4. Effect of P. odoratissimus seed (POS) extracts on total protein levels of serum rats induced by paracetamol. KS: healthy control; KP: hepatotoxic control; KSY: silymarin control; KE1: POS extract 300 mg/kg; KE2: POS extract 600 mg/kg; KE3: POS extract 900 mg/kg.

Figure 5. Histological profiles of liver cells in 6 rat cohorts with 10× magnification in focus assay: (a) healthy control; (b) hepatotoxic control showed massive inflammation liver cells; (c) silymarin control at 200 mg/kg indicated inflammation liver cells; (d) P. odoratissimus extract of 300 mg/kg; (e) P. odoratissimus extract of 600 mg/kg; (f) P. odoratissimus extract of 900 mg/kg. Subfigures (d)–(f) demonstrated the healing of liver cells after the extract treatments towards paracetamol intoxication.