Vinegar-processed Curcuma phaeocaulis promotes anti-angiogenic activity and reduces toxicity in zebrafish and rat models

Figures & data

Figure 1. The toxicity C. phaeocaulis before and after processing with vinegar in zebrafish.

Figure 2. Embryonic development of zebrafish at different time points. (A) Blank control group; (B) Volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis (100 µg/mL). (C) Volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis vinegar-processed products (100 µg/mL); (D) Water decoction of C. phaeocaulis (200 µg/mL); (E) Water decoction of C. phaeocaulis vinegar-processed products (200 µg/mL).

Figure 3. The effect of volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis and its vinegar-processed products on zebrafish heart morphology. (A) Blank control group. (B) Volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis (20 µg/mL). (C) Volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis (50 µg/mL). (D) Blank control group. (E) Volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis vinegar-processed products (20 µg/mL). (F) Volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis vinegar-processed products (50 µg/mL).

Figure 4. Vascular fluorescence of flk-GFP zebrafish strains. A. Blank control group; B. Volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis (20 µg/mL); C. Volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis vinegar-processed products (20 µg/mL). (A1-C1:×50, A2-C2:×100).

Table 1. Changes in the body weights of rats (n = 8).

Group	Dose (g/kg)	Original body weight	Day 1	Day 4	Day 7	Day 10	Day 13	Day 16
Control	0	210.98 ± 1.59	222.21 ± 8.23	220.98 ± 14.30^ΔΔ	228.01 ± 12.33^ΔΔ	224.31 ± 14.29	231.86 ± 10.17	234.26 ± 14.49
CR	5.6	203.93 ± 3.99	205.54 ± 10.66**^Δ	217.83 ± 9.31^ΔΔ	222.23 ± 12.03^ΔΔ	209.03 ± 21.49*	227.35 ± 19.25*	231.01 ± 15.87
CV	5.6	207.03 ± 2.78	210.84 ± 11.43	214.43 ± 12.30^Δ	212.53 ± 7.33*^ΔΔ	201.81 ± 7.53**^Δ	218.15 ± 8.02*	228.33 ± 7.71^Δ
Model	0	210.45 ± 7.69	218.61 ± 13.72	199.70 ± 17.05**	192.84 ± 22.54**	220.23 ± 18.20	223.56 ± 15.35	231.60 ± 13.95
MR	5.6	204.67 ± 6.13	208.73 ± 14.76*	216.73 ± 13.19^Δ	221.05 ± 10.41^ΔΔ	226.44 ± 16.02	210.82 ± 10.12**	232.20 ± 8.83
MV	5.6	200.43 ± 2.37	202.44 ± 14.74**^Δ	213.39 ± 13.14^Δ	219.43 ± 14.22^ΔΔ	223.00 ± 16.65	226.41 ± 20.60	239.10 ± 16.45
MD	0.5	211.11 ± 5.82	224.86 ± 11.39	233.80 ± 13.77^ΔΔ	235.96 ± 12.15^ΔΔ	237.71 ± 11.65^Δ	242.28 ± 12.57^Δ	244.05 ± 16.21

*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared to the normal control group; ^Δp < 0.05 and ^ΔΔp < 0.01, compared to the model control group. Control + raw group (CR), control + vinegar group (CV), model group (blood stasis syndrome model), model + raw group (MR), model + vinegar group (MV), model + compound Danshen tablet group (positive drug control group, MD).

Table 2. Changes in wet weights and coefficients of ovary and uterus in rats (n = 8).

Group	Ovary wet weight (g)	Ovarian coefficient (%)	Uterus wet weight (g)	Uterine coefficient (%)
Control	0.0098 ± 0.0035^ΔΔ	0.0514 ± 0.0021^ΔΔ	0.5979 ± 0.1690	0.2716 ± 0.0770
Model	0.0226 ± 0.0080**	0.0643 ± 0.0113*	0.6166 ± 0.2813	0.2836 ± 0.1284
CR	0.0193 ± 0.0068*	0.0661 ± 0.0125*	0.4829 ± 0.1574	0.2276 ± 0.0661
CV	0.0234 ± 0.0083*	0.0695 ± 0.0089**	0.4978 ± 0.2478	0.2334 ± 0.1157
MR	0.0159 ± 0.0056*	0.0615 ± 0.0119	0.5479 ± 0.2068	0.2505 ± 0.0918
MV	0.0294 ± 0.0104	0.0649 ± 0.0079*	0.5638 ± 0.2524	0.2570 ± 0.1217
MD	0.0414 ± 0.0146^Δ	0.0531 ± 0.0185^ΔΔ	0.6600 ± 0.2645	0.2891 ± 0.1333

Compared to the normal control group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; compared to the model control group, ^Δp < 0.05, ^ΔΔp < 0.01. Control + raw group (CR), control + vinegar group (CV), model group (blood stasis syndrome model), model + raw group (MR), model + vinegar group (MV), model + compound Danshen tablet group (positive drug control group, MD).