Compound Danshen Dripping Pill inhibits high altitude-induced hypoxic damage by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses

Figures & data

Figure 1. Workflow for a hypobaric hypoxic model establishment and experimental design of treatment for each group.

Figure 2. Effect of CDDP on the alleviation of hypobaric hypoxia symptoms (A) and improvement of SO₂ (B) in people exposed to hypobaric hypoxia and summary of bias risks: the reviewers’ judgement of risk for each bias item in each included study.

Figure 3. CDDP alleviates hypobaric hypoxia-induced tissue damage and improves tissue oxygenation. HE staining of rat lung (A) and heart (B) sections. Representative pictures from three randomly selected fields are shown. Black bar represents 50 μm. (C) Expression level of blood NT-proBNP. Statistical comparisons were made against the model group. Data indicate the average ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. *p < 0.05. (D) Oxygen dissociation curve determined by arterial blood gas analysis and calculated according to the Hill equation. Arterial blood gas values and oxygen-dissociation curve parameters are fully described in Table 1.

Table 1. Arterial blood-gas values and oxygen-dissociation curve parameters.

Experiment groups	PO2	SO2	n	logK	P50
Control	87.67 ± 4.84	97.00 ± 0.63*	2.99 ± 0.15**	4.29 ± 0.37**	27.19 ± 3.16**
Model	73.33 ± 15.91	89.83 ± 5.91	3.479 ± 0.20	–5.45 ± 0.49	37.23 ± 4.30
CDDP-low	90.83 ± 12.07	95.33 ± 3.78	3.33 ± 0.25	–5.11 ± 0.62	34.28 ± 5.51
CDDP-high	93.67 ± 6.80*	97.00 ± 0.89*	3.13 ± 0.18**	4.65 ± 0.43**	30.25 ± 3.72**
ACTZ	68.67 ± 33.13	80.33 ± 18.73	3.37 ± 0.15	–5.20 ± 0.35	35.08 ± 3.10

All statistical comparisons were made against the model group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

Figure 4. CDDP attenuates hypobaric hypoxia-induced oxidative stress. Blood, lung and heart samples collected from rats have conducted the following assays. (A) ROS levels determined by the assay kit. (B) Serum TAOC, SOD and GPX1 levels detected by the assay kit. Samples from every rat were detected separately. Data indicate the average ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. n = 6 of each group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Figure 5. CDDP alleviates inflammation and blood viscosity in hypobaric hypoxia-stimulated rats. Determination of inflammatory cytokines concentration by ELISA (A) and D-Dimer levels determined by assay kit (B). (C) Blood hemorheology determined using a blood rheometer (left panel); Red blood cell aggregation index was calculated according to blood hemorheology (right panel). Samples from every rat were detected separately. Data indicate the average ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. n = 6 of each group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Figure 6. (A) Identification of the CDDP-protected targets against hypobaric hypoxia. Lung and heart samples collected from rats were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for IHC staining using the corresponding antibodies. Representative pictures from three randomly selected fields are shown. Black bar represents 50 μm. (B) Mode of action of CDDP in treating hypobaric hypoxia.