Using a word association task to investigate semantic depth in swedish-speaking children with developmental language disorder

Figures & data

Table 1. Background information on participants' age, maternal education and scores for Raven's coloured progressive matrices and nonword repetition.

	DLD		TD
	M (SD)	Range	M (SD)	Range	p Value	d
Age (in months)	90.87 (14.61)	71–115	91.11 (11.90)	72–111	.950	0.02
Maternal education^a	2.33 (0.71)	1–3	2.57 (0.66)	1–3	.344	0.36
RCPM (percentiles)	50.08 (30.572)	10–95	72.57 (21.36)	25–95	.007	0.40
NWRep (raw score)	6.93 (3.27)	1–12	15.69 (1.92)	11–18	<.001	3.69

^a1 ≤ 9 years (elementary school), 2 = 12 years (high school), 3 ≥ 12 years (university).

Table 2. Mean (SD) and min-max values for semantic depth and association types (raw scores) for each group separately.

	DLD		TD
	M (SD)	Range	M (SD)	Range	p Value	d
Semantic depth	41.33 (20.20)	7-80	58.66 (17.496)	23-90	.004	0.95
Associations
Paradigmatic	13.53 (10.86)	3-36	20.46 (10.93)	4-45	.046	0.63
Syntagmatic	14.27 (9.4)	1-30	17.80 (8.85)	0-31	.210	0.40
Phonological	4.47 (7.75)	0-26	1.83 (5.95)	0-35	.192	0.41
Other/no answer	17.73 (8.97)	3-39	9.91 (7.64)	0-30	.003	0.97

Table 3. Mean (SD) and min-max values for the raw scores of semantic breadth, depth, and fluency.

	DLD		TD
	M (SD)	Range	M (SD)	Range	p Value	d
Auditory reception (breadth)	1.53 (1.06)	1–4	4.60 (2.31)	1–9	<.001	1.52
Auditory association (depth)	1.33 (1.05)	1–5	4.17 (2.18)	1–9	<.001	1.48
Verbal fluency (fluency)	2.53 (1.64)	1–7	5.03 (1.45)	3–8	<.001	1.66