Microalbuminuria and left ventricular function in type 2 diabetes: A quantitative assessment by stress echocardiography in the Myocardial Doppler in Diabetes (MYDID) Study III

Figures & data

Table I.  Demographic and biochemical data of the study subjects.

Variables	Controls Group 1	DM − MA Group 2	DM + MA Group 3	p
Male/Female	8/5	20/11	14/13	–
Age (years)	49.7±5.4	49.2±6.3	49.4±6.6	NS
Height, cm	168.4±5.8	164.9±8.5	165±7.9	NS
Weight, kg	66.2±8.2	70.3±11.1	68.4±8.0	NS
Hemoglobin, g/L	142±17	137±13	137±18	NS
Glycosylated Hemoglobin, %	–	8.1±1.7	8.3±1.6	NS
Fasting Plasma glucose, mmol/l	4.6±1.4	9.1±3.6	9.7±3.0	0.001*
Serum Creatinine, mmol/l	70.7±8.8	79.5±8.8	97.2±17.6	0.001^†
Microalbuminuria, µg/mg	1.2±4.0	7.2±4.0	127.5±41.6	0.001^†
Serum Cholesterol, mmol/l	3.2±0.6	4.6±0.6	4.9±1.0	0.001*
Serum Triglycerides, mmol/l	1.1±0.1	1.8±0.8	1.7±0.5	0.001*
Serum HDL, mmol/l	1.4±0.1	1.1±0.1	1.0±0.1	0.001*
Serum LDL, mmol/l	1.5±0.5	2.7±0.6	2.7±0.8	0.001*

DM − MA: Diabetics without microalbuminuria, DM + MA: Diabetics with microalbuminuria, *p < 0.001 Gr1 vs. Gr 2, Gr 3; ^†p < 0.001 Gr3 vs. Gr 1, Gr 2; NS: non significant (p > 0.05).

Table II.  Conventional echocardiographic data.

Variables	Controls Group 1	DM − MA Group 2	DM + MA Group 3	p
LA size, mm	28.3±2.7	31.2±3.5	32.7±3.0	0.05 ^§
LV size, mm	41±3.2	44±3.6	43±3.9	NS
LV mass, g	141±37	144±42	146±40	NS
LVEF, %	68.6±5.3	67.2±4.4	66.0±3.2	NS
E-wave, cm/sec	74.7±4.6	65.4±9.7	67.6±6.6	0.05^§
A-wave, cm/sec	60.4±4.8	71.7±10.7	64.5±6.5	0.001^¶
E/A ratio	1.2±0.1	0.9±0.1	1.0±0.1	0.001*
Tei index	0.40±0.1	0.53±0.1	0.52±0.1	0.001*

E-wave: E-wave velocity of the mitral valve inflow; A-wave: A-wave velocity of the mitral valve inflow; LA: Left Atrium; LV: Left ventricular; LVEDD: Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; IVCT: Isovolumic contraction time; IVRT: Isovolumic relaxation time; ET: Ejection time. ^§p < 0.05 Gr1 vs. Gr 2, Gr 3; ^¶p < 0.001 Gr2 vs. Gr1, Gr3; *p < 0.001 Gr1 vs. Gr 2, Gr 3; ^†p < 0.001 Gr3 vs. Gr 1, Gr 2; NS: non significant (p > 0.05).

Table III.  Electrocardiogram findings.

Variables	Controls Group 1	DM − MA Group 2	DM + MA Group 3	p
HR, bpm	77.0±11.5	82.2±13.1	86.8±14.1	NS
PR interval, ms	150.6±23.1	141.8±21.0	144.8±16.1	NS
QRS duration, ms	84.1±10.5	80.5±9.7	93.0±33.3	NS
QTc, ms	399.6±2.1	408.7±14.8	420.6±27.7	NS

HR: Heart rate; QTc: corrected QT interval. NS: non significant (p > 0.05).

Table IV.  Tissue velocity enhanced Dobutamine stress echocardiography data.

Variables	Stages	Controls Group 1	DM − MA Group 2	DM + MA Group 3	p
PSV, cm/sec	Rest	5.6±0.4	5.1±0.8	5.1±0.8	NS
	Peak stress	13.7±1.0	10.1±1.1	10.0±1.2	0.001*
E′ wave, cm/sec	Rest	9.3±0.6	6.2±1.2	6.3±1.2	0.001*
	Peak stress	10.0±1.6	5.0±1.4	4.8±1.4	0.001*
A′ wave, cm/sec	Rest	6.4±0.7	6.6±1.1	6.5±1.2	NS
	Peak stress	8.1±0.9	9.0±1.6	9.0±1.7	NS
E′/A′ ratio	Rest	1.4±0.2	0.9±0.3	1.0±0.3	0.001*
	Peak stress	1.2±0.2	0.5±0.1	0.5±0.1	0.001*
E/E′	Rest	7.9±0.7	10.8±2.4	11.0±2.2	0.001*

PSV: peak systolic velocity; E′-wave: myocardial velocity during the rapid filling period; A′-wave: myocardial velocity during the atrial contraction period; (Velocities are expressed as average of four left ventricular bases). *p < 0.001 Gr 1 vs. Gr 2, Gr 3; NS: non significant (p > 0.05).