First and recurrent events after percutaneous coronary intervention: implications for survival analyses

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proportion of recurrent events.

Figure 2. Outcome of death in the order of occurrence.

Table 1. Characteristics of patients with and without cardiovascular related events.

	No Events (n = 2854)	Events (n = 2047)	p-Value
Age (years), (median, range)	63.8 (28.8–95.0)	64.7 (31.2–94.6)	.01
Female, (n, %)	850 (29.8)	700 (34.2)	.001
Diabetes mellitus, (n, %)	1081 (37.9)	900 (43.9)	<.001
Hypertension, (n, %)	2445 (85.7)	1782 (87.1)	.17
Hyperlipidemia, (n, %)	2525 (88.5)	1845 (90.1)	.07
Cerebrovascular accident, (n, %)	209 (7.3)	219 (10.7)	<.001
Peripheral vascular disease, (n, %)	249 (8.7)	276 (13.5)	<.001
Chronic obstructive lung disease, (n, %)	191 (6.7)	179 (8.7)	.007
Heart failure, (n, %)	365 (12.8)	399 (19.5)	<.001
Family history of coronary artery disease, (n, %)	878 (30.9)	681 (33.4)	.07
Prior Percutaneous coronary intervention, (n, %)	804 (28.2)	661 (32.3)	.002
Prior Coronary artery bypass graft, (n, %)	461 (16.2)	449 (21.9)	<.001

Figure 3. Baseline survival function for terminal event and recurrent events- Joint Frailty model.

Table 2. Adjusted hazard ratios by the different models.

				Recurrent events & Death (Joint Frailty)
	Composite outcome (Cox PH)	Fatal outcome (Cox PH)	Recurrent events (Shared frailty)	Readmission and Death
Endpoints	Readmission/Death	Death	Readmission	Readmission	Death
Age >63 years	1.04 (0.95–1.14)	2.45 (1.60–3.75)	0.95 (0.89–1.03)	0.96 (0.89–1.03)	1.05 (0.72–1.53)
Female	1.10 (1.00–1.20)	0.92 (0.63–1.35)	1.16 (1.07–1.25)	1.16 (1.08–1.26)	1.12 (0.76–1.66)
Emergent Scheduling	1.49 (1.37–1.64)	2.22 (1.54–3.18)	1.38 (1.28–1.49)	1.37 (1.27–1.47)	0.98 (0.67–1.45)
Diabetes	1.14 (1.04–1.25)	1.47 (1.02–2.12)	1.16 (1.08–1.25)	1.15 (1.07–1.24)	0.69 (0.47–1.02)
Hypertension	1.01 (0.88–1.15)	0.88 (0.48–1.62)	1.03 (0.92–1.16)	1.03 (0.92–1.16)	1.00 (0.57–1.74)
Hyperlipidemia	1.17 (1.00–1.36)	0.84 (0.46–1.54)	1.17 (1.03–1.34)	1.17 (1.02–1.33)	1.29 (0.67–2.49)
Heart failure	1.32 (1.18–1.47)	3.80 (2.62–5.53)	1.33 (1.21–1.46)	1.34 (1.22–1.46)	0.87 (0.52–1.48)
Cerebrovascular disease	1.17 (1.01–1.35)	1.11 (0.66–1.88)	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	1.13 (1.00–1.27)	0.87 (0.45–1.68)
Peripheral vascular disease	1.27 (1.12–1.45)	1.56 (0.99–2.47)	1.23 (1.11–1.37)	1.24 (1.11–1.38)	1.1 (0.63–1.92)
Chronic lung disease	1.09 (0.93–1.27)	1.91 (1.19–3.05)	1.07 (0.94–1.22)	1.07 (0.94–1.21)	1.24 (0.69–2.22)
Frailty			θ (SE): 0.18 (0.03)
Association between recurrence and terminal event				θ (SE)	0.19 (0.03)
Association between recurrent events				ɳ (SE)	0.005 (0.0001)