Grip strength is associated with markers of central hemodynamics

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of study subjects.

Characteristic	Total	Women	Men	p
M/F	231	141	90
Age (years)	54.1 ± 9.1	53.0 ± 8.5	55.8 ± 9.9	.02
Weight (kg)	73.1 ± 14.8	67.1 ± 11.6	82.6 ± 14.2	<.0001
Height (cm)	168.1 ± 8.3	163.5 ± 5.9	175.3 ± 5.0	<.0001
Fat (kg)	22.4 ± 7.5	23.6 ± 7.6	20.5 ± 7.1	.002
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.8 ± 4.2	25.1 ± 4.2	26.8 ± 4.1	.003
HR (beats/min)	66.4 ± 8.7	66.4 ± 9.0	66.2 ± 8.2	.88
Hand grip (kg)	35.6 ± 12.1	27.5 ± 5.4	48.3 ± 8.2	<.0001

BMI: body mass index; M: male; F: female; WHR: waist to hip ratio; HR: heart rate; p: probability.

Table 2. Hemodynamics of the study group.

Characteristic	Total	Women	Men	p
BPsys periph (mmHg)	118.6 ± 15.4	117.4 ± 16.4	120.5 ± 13.7	013
BPdiast periph (mmHg)	74.0 ± 11.1	71.4 ± 10.7	78.0 ± 10.4	<.0001
PPperiph (mmHg)	45.0 ± 9.1	46.4 ± 9.4	42.8 ± 8.1	.003
BPsys cent (mmHg)	110.5 ± 15.0	110.2 ± 15.9	111.0 ± 13.6	.68
BPdiast cent (mmHg)	75.0 ± 11.1	72.5 ± 10.8	78.9 ± 10.4	<.0001
BPmean (mmHg)	90.6 ± 11.2	89.1 ± 12.5	92.9 ± 11.4	.02
PPcent (mmHg)	35.9 ± 8.5	37.9 ± 8.6	33.0 ± 7.3	<.0001
AP (mmHg)	10.2 ± 5.3	12.1 ± 5.0	7.4 ± 4.4	<.0001
PPA	1.3 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	<.0001
Tr (ms)	144.5 ± 12.8	140.0 ± 9.4	151.7 ± 14.2	<.0001

BPsys periph: blood pressure systolic peripheral; BPdiast periph: blood pressure diastolic peripheral; PPperiph: pulse pressure peripheral; BPsys cent: blood pressure systolic central; BPdiast cent: blood pressure systolic central; BPmean: mean blood pressure; PPcent: pulsepressure central; AP: augmentation pressure; PPA: pulsepressure amplification; Tr: time to return of pressure wave.

Table 3. Regression coefficients of multiple linear regression with changes in AP, PPA or Tr as dependent variables, and sex, handgrip, BMI, and mean blood pressure as independent variables.

	AP		PPA		Tr
Covariate	Standardized coefficient	p Value	Standardized coefficient	p Value	Standardized coefficient	p Value
Sex	−0.25	.009	0.09	.39	0.32	.002
Handgrip	−0.30	.002	0.26	.02	0.2	.05
BMI	0.06	.3	−0.06	.4	0.01	.84
BPmean	0.39	.0001	−0.17	.01	−0.3	.0001

For AP R² = 0.38, p < .0001; for PPA R² = 0.21, p = .0001; for Tr R² = 0.29 p < .0001.

AP: augmentation pressure; PPA: pulse pressure amplification; Tr: time to return of pressure wave; BPmean: mean blood pressure; BMI: body mass index.

Figure 1. The interaction between mean handgrip strength (HGmean) body mass index (BMI), augmentation pressure (AP), time to return of pressure wave (Tr) and pulse pressure amplification (PPA).

Figure 2. Augmentation pressure (AP) and time to return of pressure wave (Tr) adjusted for handgrip strength and mean blood pressure in both sexes. Data represent adjusted mean ± SE.