Personal networks and crime victimization among Swedish youth

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics on crime victimization among Swedish youth separated by type of crime and number of types of crimes per respondent (N = 2,244).

Number of types of crimes		Type of crime
0	83.7%	Threats of violence	1.6%
1	10.7%	Sexual abuse	0.1%
2	1.4%	Sexual harassment	0.2%
3	0.3%	Physical abuse	2.2%
4	0.1%	Robbery	1.5%
Missing	3.8%	Theft of something valuable	4.2%
		Burglary	1.6%
		Threatened with weapon	0.3%
		Mobbing	0.1%
		Other type of crime	2.9%
		Missing	3.8%

Source: Social Capital and Labour Market Integration: A Cohort Study, Second Wave.

Table 2. Associations between indicators of a risky lifestyle, network characteristics, contextual factors, and crime victimization: results of negative binomial regression analyses^a.

			Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Indicators of a risky lifestyle
	Frequency of getting drunk
		Never	Ref.				Ref.
		Less than once per month	−0.009				0.111
		Once per month	0.102				0.417†
		Two or three times per month	0.229				0.464†
		Once per week or more often	0.603**				0.716*
	Using cannabis (0 = no; 1 = yes)		0.305†				0.068
	Risk aversion: trying to avoid risks
		Strongly disagree	0.369†				0.253
		Disagree	0.035				0.020
		Neither disagree nor agree	Ref.				Ref.
		Agree	0.016				0.046
		Strongly agree	−0.017				−0.132
Network characteristics
	Number of network members			−0.197***			−0.189***
	Number of regular alcohol consumers in the network			0.043			−0.071
	Average level of risk aversion among network members			0.023			0.050
	Number of victims in the network			0.592***			0.535***
Contextual factors
	Going to cinema
		Less than once per quarter of a year			Ref.		Ref.
		Once per quarter of a year			−0.020		0.066
		Once per month or more often			0.093		0.153
	Going to concerts
		Less than once per quarter of a year			Ref.		Ref.
		Once per quarter of a year			−0.177		−0.198
		Once per month or more often			0.228		−0.049
	Going to see sports events
		Less than once per quarter of a year			Ref.		Ref.
		Once per quarter of a year			0.107		0.096
		Once per month			−0.148		−0.144
		Once per week or more often			−0.039		0.010
	Going to parties
		Less than once per quarter of a year			Ref.		Ref.
		Once per quarter of a year			0.080		0.144
		Once per month			−0.217		−0.202
		Once per week or more often			0.380†		0.087
Control variables
Sex: female (male is reference category)						−0.252*	−0.092
Parental country of origin
	Former Yugoslavia					−0.190	−0.164
	Iran					0.021	0.050
	Sweden					Ref.	Ref.
Level of education
	Primary and lower secondary education					0.467*	0.610**
	Non-academic upper secondary education					−0.068	−0.026
	Academic upper secondary education					Ref.	Ref.
	Post-secondary education					−0.228	−0.146
	Tertiary education					0.481	0.649
Household situation
	Lives alone					Ref.	Ref.
	Lives with parents (and siblings)					−0.497**	−0.369*
	Lives with partner					−0.325*	−0.319*
	Lives with other people					−0.139	−0.160
Socio-economic background^b						0.004	0.006†
Local population density^c						0.353**	0.269*
Participation in both waves (0 = no; 1 = yes)						−0.090	−0.058
Constant			−2.122***	−1.630***	−1.843***	−1.657***	−1.962***
N			2119	2120	2147	2121	2045
		LR Chi^2	23.16	86.90	18.13	40.67	145.83
		Pseudo R^2	0.012	0.045	0.009	0.021	0.079

Source: Social Capital and Labour Market Integration: A Cohort Study, Second Wave.

† p < 0.10; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.

^aDependent variable is the number of types of crime each respondent reported having been subjected to during the last 12 months.

^bSocio-economic background is measured as the occupational status of the respondent’s parent with the highest occupational status (using the International Socioeconomic Index of Occupational Status; see Ganzeboom et al., 1992).

^cLocal population density is measured as the number of people living in the respondent’s residential area (using SAMS areas) divided by 10,000.

Table

			Mean	Std. Dev.	%	N
Indicators of a risky lifestyle
	Frequency of getting drunk (per year)					2,140
		Never			26.07
		Less than once per month			30.05
		Once per month			17.71
		Two or three times per month			17.29
		Once per week or more often			8.88
	Using cannabis (0 = no; 1 = yes)				11.08	2,157
	Risk aversion (trying to avoid risks)					2,141
		Strongly disagree			10.65
		Disagree			18.68
		Neither agree nor disagree			33.91
		Agree			23.40
		Strongly disagree			13.36
Network characteristics
	Number of network members		3.96	1.24		2,191
	Number of regular alcohol consumers in the network (at least two or three times per month)		1.55	1.54		2,191
	Average level of risk aversion among network members (on a 10-point Likert scale: 1 = very risk-seeking; 10 = very careful)		5.68	1.52		2,191
	Number of victims in the network		0.35	0.68		2,191
Contextual factors
	Frequency of going to cinema					2,151
		Never or less than once per quarter of a year			30.54
		Once per quarter of a year			34.68
		Once per month			33.29
		Once per week or more often			1.49
	Frequency of going to concerts					2,151
		Never or less than once per quarter of a year			72.43
		Once per quarter of a year			20.73
		Once per month			5.72
		Once per week or more often			1.12
	Frequency of going to see sports events					2,150
		Never or less than once per quarter of a year			65.40
		Once per quarter of a year			15.12
		Once per month			14.23
		Once per week or more often			5.26
	Frequency of going to parties					2,149
		Never or less than once per quarter of a year			19.31
		Once per quarter of a year			14.61
		Once per month			53.28
		Once per week or more often			12.80
Control variables
	Sex: female (male = reference category)				48.22	2,244
	Parental country of origin					2,244
		Former Yugoslavia			29.95
		Iran			22.15
		Sweden			47.91
	Level of education					2,224
		Primary and lower secondary education			9.04
		Non-academic upper secondary education			37.32
		Academic upper secondary education			14.21
		Post-secondary education			38.58
		Tertiary education			0.85
	Household situation					2,238
		Lives alone			30.88
		Lives with parents (and siblings)			32.80
		Lives with partner			26.81
		Lives with other people			9.52
	Socio-economic background^a		46.01	18.51		2,081
	Local population density^b		2787.62	4267.93		2,225
	Participation in both waves (0 = no; 1 = yes)				70.28	2,244

Source: Social Capital and Labour Market Integration: A Cohort Study, Second Wave.

^aSocio-economic background is measured as the occupational status of the respondent’s parent with the highest occupational status (using the International Socioeconomic Index of Occupational Status; see Ganzeboom et al., 1992).

^bLocal population density is measured as the number of people living in the respondent’s residential area (using SAMS areas) divided by 10,000.

Table

		(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)
(1)	Number of types of crimes
(2)	Frequency of getting drunk	0.10
(3)	Using cannabis	0.06	0.25
(4)	Risk aversion	−0.05	−0.18	−0.12
(5)	Network size	−0.04	0.19	0.05	−0.10
(6)	Number of regular alcohol consumers in the network	0.03	0.60	0.21	−0.18	0.38
(7)	Average risk aversion of network members	−0.00	−0.14	−0.05	0.20	−0.05	−0.16
(8)	Number of victimized network members	0.22	0.14	0.14	−0.12	0.15	0.19	−0.08
(9)	Frequency of going to the cinema	0.00	0.07	0.02	−0.06	0.06	0.06	−0.03	0.05
(10)	Frequency of going to concerts	0.00	0.15	0.11	−0.10	0.07	0.15	−0.05	0.07	0.12
(11)	Frequency of watching sports	−0.01	0.05	−0.05	−0.03	0.01	0.04	−0.04	0.02	0.09	0.09
(12)	Frequency of going to parties	0.04	0.54	0.18	−0.15	0.17	0.42	−0.12	0.12	0.12	0.21	0.09

Source: Social Capital and Labour Market Integration: A Cohort Study, Second Wave.

^aThe correlation coefficients show the strength and direction of the association between the two variables (Pearson’s correlation for two continuous variables, otherwise Spearman’s correlation).

Ganzeboom, H. B. G., De Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992). A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status. Social Science Research, 21, 1−56.

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