Measurement and decomposition of Lithuania's income inequality

Figures & data

Table 1. EU-SILC summary statistics for 2015 income reference year.

Country	Country	Households	Household members	Observations	Average income	Median income	Gini
code	name	(thousands)	(thousands)	(thousands)	(thousand euro)	(thousand euro)	(percent)
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
AT	Austria	6	10.8	10.8	26.1	23.7	27.2
BE	Belgium	5.9	11.1	11.1	24.3	22.3	26.3
BG	Bulgaria	7.3	15.6	15.5	3.9	3.2	37.7
CH	Switzerland	7.8	14.9	14.9	50.9	44.3	29.4
CY	Cyprus	4.2	9.4	9.4	16.9	14	32.1
CZ	Czech Republic	8.5	16.2	16.2	8.8	7.8	25.1
DE	Germany	13.3	23.3	23.1	23.9	21.2	29.8
DK	Denmark	6.3	11.8	11.8	32.1	28.7	27.7
EE	Estonia	6	12.5	12.5	10.1	8.6	32.7
EL	Greece	18.3	38	37.9	8.7	7.5	34.3
ES	Spain	14.2	30.7	30.7	15.8	13.7	34.5
FI	Finland	10.6	20.7	20.7	26.4	23.6	25.4
FR	France	11.5	21.3	21.3	25.3	21.7	29.2
HR	Croatia	7.6	17	17	6.3	5.7	29.8
HU	Hungary	8	15.9	15.8	5.4	4.8	28.2
IE	Ireland	5.2	10.2	10.2	25.5	22.4	29.5
IT	Italy	21.3	41.5	41.5	18.3	16.2	33.1
LT	Lithuania	4.8	9.6	9.6	7	5.6	37.0
LU	Luxembourg	3.8	8.2	8.2	39.8	34.4	31.5
LV	Latvia	6	11.6	11.6	7.5	6.4	34.5
NL	Netherlands	12.7	24.1	24.1	25.4	22.7	26.9
NO	Norway	6.9	13.6	13.6	43	39.6	24.9
PL	Poland	12	27.1	27.1	6.7	5.9	29.8
PT	Portugal	10.6	22.7	22.7	10.6	8.8	33.9
RO	Romania	7.4	15.8	15.7	2.7	2.4	34.8
RS	Serbia	5.6	15.1	15.1	3	2.6	38.6
SE	Sweden	5.8	11.2	11.2	27.3	25.2	27.6
SI	Slovenia	8.6	21.9	21.9	13.2	12.3	24.3
SK	Slovakia	5.7	14.1	14.1	7.4	7	24.3
UK	United Kingdom	9.7	17.8	17.6	24.6	21.1	31.5

Notes: The variables ‘Households’ and ‘Household members’ are the unique number of households and household members in the data set. The variable ‘Observations’ refers to those household members for whom all income data is available. Columns 6–8 refer to the average, median and the Gini coefficient of the population estimate of equivalized household disposable income.

Figure 1. The Gini coefficients of equivalised disposable income in all EU-SILC countries. Household disposable income is equivalised by the OECD-modified scale. Confidence intervals are estimated by using Rao et al. (1992) bootstrap methodology. Information on survey design is provided by Goedemé (2013) and Zardo and Goedemé (2016).

Table 2. Income inequality measures under different equivalence scales.

Country	Equivalence scale	G(2)	G(1.5)	G(4)	GEI(0)	GEI(1)	GEI(2)	Atk(1)	Atk(0.1)
DE	OECD	29.764	19.602	46.279	0.157	0.158	0.220	0.146	0.016
		(0.373)	(0.318)	(0.388)	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.016)	(0.004)	(0.001)
EE	OECD	32.738	21.096	51.419	0.192	0.171	0.188	0.175	0.017
		(0.358)	(0.256)	(0.463)	(0.006)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.000)
FI	OECD	25.416	16.897	40.216	0.112	0.116	0.150	0.106	0.011
		(0.283)	(0.236)	(0.340)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.003)	(0.000)
LT	OECD	36.957	24.644	55.797	0.254	0.233	0.306	0.224	0.023
		(0.755)	(0.609)	(0.801)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.022)	(0.009)	(0.001)
LV	OECD	34.479	22.756	53.403	0.217	0.202	0.255	0.195	0.020
		(0.511)	(0.432)	(0.563)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.019)	(0.006)	(0.001)
Median	OECD	29.764	19.719	46.279	0.158	0.163	0.228	0.146	0.016
		(0.373)	(0.538)	(0.388)	(0.008)	(0.011)	(0.039)	(0.006)	(0.001)
SK	OECD	24.277	15.624	40.310	0.115	0.106	0.136	0.109	0.011
		(0.482)	(0.383)	(0.682)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.022)	(0.005)	(0.001)
DE	Sqr. rt	30.224	19.873	47.169	0.163	0.162	0.223	0.150	0.016
		(0.379)	(0.324)	(0.389)	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.016)	(0.004)	(0.001)
EE	Sqr. rt	33.158	21.305	52.399	0.199	0.175	0.190	0.180	0.017
		(0.354)	(0.253)	(0.451)	(0.006)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.000)
FI	Sqr. rt	25.918	17.202	41.213	0.117	0.120	0.155	0.110	0.012
		(0.288)	(0.240)	(0.347)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.003)	(0.000)
LT	Sqr. rt	37.383	24.854	56.684	0.261	0.237	0.307	0.230	0.023
		(0.763)	(0.625)	(0.790)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.023)	(0.009)	(0.001)
LV	Sqr. rt	35.039	23.063	54.513	0.226	0.207	0.259	0.202	0.021
		(0.521)	(0.447)	(0.553)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.021)	(0.006)	(0.001)
Median	Sqr. rt	29.699	19.873	47.169	0.161	0.162	0.223	0.149	0.016
		(0.662)	(0.324)	(0.389)	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.016)	(0.007)	(0.001)
SK	Sqr. rt	25.000	16.043	41.302	0.120	0.109	0.132	0.113	0.011
		(0.447)	(0.350)	(0.622)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.016)	(0.005)	(0.001)

Notes: Table contains inequality measures for the median country (from all EU countries) and selected countries for each equivalence scale. $G\left(v\right)$ represents the Gini index with values v=2,1.5,4 of parameter of inequality aversion, $GEI\left(a\right)$ stands for the General entrhopy index, and $Atk\left(b\right)$ is the Atkinson index, where b=1,0.1 and a=0,1,2 represents the degree of inequality aversion. Bootstrapped standard errors are presented in the parenthesis.

Table 3. Ratios of average subgroup incomes in 2015.

Grouping	Subgroup	EU	EU new	EU old	LT
activity status	employed	113.2 (0.5) [25.5]	115.4 (0.9) [9.8]	112.6 (0.6) [15.5]	123.2 (1.3) [5.2]
activity status	unemployed	61.0 (1.3) [3.3]	59.5 (1.9) [1.2]	61.3 (1.6) [2.0]	54.0 (3.6) [0.6]
activity status	retired	97.3 (1.0) [9.5]	95.2 (1.3) [4.2]	97.9 (1.2) [5.6]	71.1 (1.7) [2.0]
activity status	study	85.5 (1.6) [3.5]	88.4 (2.4) [1.3]	84.8 (1.8) [2.2]	86.8 (3.2) [0.7]
activity status	other	77.4 (1.3) [5.7]	70.5 (1.9) [2.2]	79.2 (1.6) [3.5]	68.9 (3.1) [1.0]
nr working	0	78.3 (0.9) [12.8]	75.1 (1.2) [4.6]	79.0 (1.0) [8.0]	53.3 (1.6) [2.4]
nr working	1	93.4 (0.9) [15.1]	93.6 (1.6) [5.8]	93.3 (1.0) [9.2]	94.1 (2.6) [3.1]
nr working	2	119.3 (0.9) [16.7]	117.8 (1.4) [6.7]	119.7 (1.0) [10.1]	131.4 (2.8) [3.3]
nr working	3	116.9 (2.3) [2.5]	115.6 (4.1) [1.5]	117.5 (2.7) [1.3]	130.5 (4.8) [0.6]
nr working	4	124.3 (4.2) [0.6]	124.0 (5.3) [0.4]	124.5 (6.0) [0.3]	124.9 (8.6) [0.2]
main income	employment	108.7 (0.6) [24.1]	112.2 (0.9) [11.7]	107.4 (0.8) [13.6]	111.5 (1.4) [6.1]
main income	self-employment	106.3 (3.2) [3.4]	84.3 (3.2) [1.7]	114.8 (4.2) [1.9]	174.9 (10.7) [0.7]
main income	other	88.7 (0.6) [20.4]	79.3 (1.6) [5.6]	90.4 (0.7) [13.4]	57.6 (1.6) [2.8]
occupation	basic level	74.6 (1.3) [4.5]	78.1 (4.1) [1.9]	73.7 (1.2) [2.7]	69.6 (2.5) [1.4]
occupation	mid-level	90.0 (0.6) [21.0]	91.9 (0.8) [9.6]	89.3 (0.7) [12.2]	88.7 (1.7) [4.1]
occupation	technicians, associates	112.9 (1.3) [6.0]	118.7 (2.1) [1.6]	111.9 (1.4) [3.9]	117.8 (4.6) [0.6]
occupation	professionals	139.1 (1.8) [7.3]	145.8 (2.6) [2.4]	137.7 (2.1) [4.6]	129.1 (3.1) [1.9]
occupation	managers	137.9 (3.3) [2.3]	153.0 (5.5) [0.8]	134.7 (3.8) [1.5]	162.7 (11.6) [0.6]
sector	agriculture	74.2 (2.6) [1.0]	66.4 (2.5) [1.0]	83.4 (4.7) [0.3]	99.5 (6.7) [0.3]
sector	industry	115.6 (1.9) [3.4]	116.2 (2.3) [2.0]	115.3 (2.5) [1.8]	113.9 (3.8) [0.8]
sector	IT, finance, RE, admin	134.4 (2.7) [3.4]	158.2 (7.9) [0.9]	130.6 (2.8) [2.2]	157.2 (10.9) [0.6]
sector	public admin, education, health	118.0 (1.3) [5.8]	127.1 (2.3) [1.7]	116.4 (1.5) [3.7]	124.6 (3.2) [1.1]
sector	other services	100.2 (1.1) [7.6]	109.5 (1.8) [3.0]	97.8 (1.3) [4.6]	119.3 (2.8) [1.8]
age bracket	under 19	83.8 (2.0) [1.8]	82.4 (3.5) [0.7]	84.2 (2.3) [1.1]	83.6 (4.1) [0.4]
age bracket	19–29	91.3 (1.3) [6.9]	95.5 (1.9) [3.0]	90.0 (1.5) [4.1]	104.2 (3.8) [1.7]
age bracket	30–64	103.9 (0.4) [30.1]	104.0 (0.6) [12.0]	103.9 (0.5) [18.1]	107.7 (1.2) [5.7]
age bracket	65+	96.9 (1.1) [9.1]	93.5 (1.4) [3.3]	97.7 (1.3) [5.6]	76.2 (1.9) [1.9]
dependents	0	105.2 (0.6) [24.5]	105.4 (1.1) [8.9]	105.2 (0.7) [15.1]	101.0 (1.8) [4.8]
dependents	1	102.6 (1.3) [9.2]	107.0 (1.9) [4.3]	101.1 (1.6) [5.3]	106.7 (3.2) [2.1]
dependents	2	94.2 (1.1) [9.7]	93.2 (1.8) [3.9]	94.5 (1.3) [5.8]	102.4 (4.8) [2.0]
dependents	3	82.7 (2.1) [3.2]	80.7 (3.7) [1.2]	83.2 (2.5) [2.0]	73.9 (6.9) [0.5]
dependents	4	73.0 (4.5) [0.8]	60.9 (6.2) [0.3]	75.9 (5.3) [0.5]	55.6 (5.5) [0.1]
dependents	5	50.9 (4.5) [0.4]	40.0 (3.5) [0.3]	58.7 (6.1) [0.2]	47.1 (11.8) [0.1]
education	up to secondary	87.8 (0.4) [32.4]	87.9 (0.6) [14.1]	87.8 (0.5) [19.0]	78.2 (1.5) [4.6]
education	post-secondary	103.0 (2.5) [1.5]	107.3 (3.9) [0.6]	101.7 (3.1) [0.9]	92.7 (2.3) [1.9]
education	tertiary education	129.6 (1.0) [13.4]	142.1 (2.0) [3.9]	127.3 (1.2) [8.6]	138.1 (2.8) [3.0]
sex	male	102.2 (0.5) [22.7]	102.8 (0.9) [9.0]	102.1 (0.7) [13.7]	104.5 (0.8) [4.3]
sex	female	98.0 (0.5) [25.2]	97.4 (0.8) [10.0]	98.1 (0.6) [15.2]	96.4 (0.6) [5.3]

Notes: Ratios are defined as weighted average income of a subgroup divided by weighted average income of all subgroups within that grouping. Bootstrapped standard errors are in the parenthesis. Number of observations in thousands in brackets.

Table 4. Ratios of average subgroup incomes in Lithunia.

Grouping	Subgroup	2006	2010	2015
activity status	employed	120.2 (0.9) [6.2]	122.1 (1.1) [5.4]	123.2 (1.3) [5.2]
activity status	unemployed	51.1 (2.7) [0.4]	57.7 (2.3) [1.1]	54.0 (3.6) [0.6]
activity status	retired	70.4 (1.2) [2.0]	86.4 (1.3) [2.3]	71.1 (1.7) [2.0]
activity status	study	89.1 (2.2) [1.1]	86.2 (2.3) [1.1]	86.8 (3.2) [0.7]
activity status	other	70.7 (2.2) [1.1]	74.3 (1.9) [1.0]	68.9 (3.1) [1.0]
nr working	0	51.4 (1.2) [2.1]	66.2 (1.3) [3.1]	53.3 (1.6) [2.4]
nr working	1	86.5 (1.8) [3.0]	89.7 (1.8) [3.4]	94.1 (2.6) [3.1]
nr working	2	122.0 (1.6) [4.7]	128.9 (2.1) [3.6]	131.4 (2.8) [3.3]
nr working	3	137.5 (5.6) [0.8]	144.7 (6.8) [0.7]	130.5 (4.8) [0.6]
nr working	4	138.7 (11.2) [0.2]	122.2 (11.5) [0.2]	124.9 (8.6) [0.2]
main income	employment	114.9 (0.9) [7.5]	115.3 (1.1) [6.7]	111.5 (1.4) [6.1]
main income	self-employment	106.1 (5.6) [0.6]	127.1 (10.8) [0.4]	174.9 (10.7) [0.7]
main income	other	59.0 (1.4) [2.8]	71.0 (1.2) [3.9]	57.6 (1.6) [2.8]
occupation	basic level	72.1 (1.8) [1.6]	72.6 (1.7) [1.5]	69.6 (2.5) [1.4]
occupation	mid-level	90.0 (1.1) [5.1]	87.6 (1.1) [4.8]	88.7 (1.7) [4.1]
occupation	technicians, associates	120.0 (4.3) [0.7]	119.3 (3.8) [0.7]	117.8 (4.6) [0.6]
occupation	professionals	146.4 (3.4) [1.5]	138.9 (2.8) [1.9]	129.1 (3.1) [1.9]
occupation	managers	149.9 (4.6) [0.7]	146.0 (4.6) [0.7]	162.7 (11.6) [0.6]
sector	agriculture	85.1 (5.2) [0.5]	90.9 (5.9) [0.4]	99.5 (6.7) [0.3]
sector	industry	109.9 (2.6) [1.1]	113.8 (3.9) [0.9]	113.9 (3.8) [0.8]
sector	IT, finance, RE, admin	168.2 (8.0) [0.2]	137.2 (4.9) [0.5]	157.2 (10.9) [0.6]
sector	public admin, education, health	131.2 (2.7) [1.4]	138.1 (3.1) [1.3]	124.6 (3.2) [1.1]
sector	other services	117.0 (1.9) [2.2]	111.6 (2.2) [1.8]	119.3 (2.8) [1.8]
age bracket	under 19	82.0 (2.6) [0.6]	80.3 (2.8) [0.6]	83.6 (4.1) [0.4]
age bracket	19–29	111.2 (2.9) [2.2]	101.7 (2.6) [2.0]	104.2 (3.8) [1.7]
age bracket	30–64	105.1 (0.9) [6.4]	104.3 (0.8) [6.4]	107.7 (1.2) [5.7]
age bracket	65+	73.6 (1.4) [1.8]	90.4 (1.6) [2.0]	76.2 (1.9) [1.9]
dependents	0	104.0 (1.4) [5.3]	102.7 (1.4) [4.9]	101.0 (1.8) [4.8]
dependents	1	106.0 (2.3) [2.9]	102.9 (2.2) [2.8]	106.7 (3.2) [2.1]
dependents	2	95.0 (2.8) [2.0]	99.0 (3.3) [2.3]	102.4 (4.8) [2.0]
dependents	3	72.5 (4.6) [0.5]	81.8 (6.5) [0.7]	73.9 (6.9) [0.5]
dependents	4	45.7 (10.5) [0.1]	66.8 (10.1) [0.2]	55.6 (5.5) [0.1]
dependents	5	35.9 (6.4) [0.1]	95.5 (16.1) [0.1]	47.1 (11.8) [0.1]
education	up to secondary	81.5 (0.9) [5.8]	81.7 (1.0) [6.0]	78.2 (1.5) [4.6]
education	post-secondary	95.9 (1.6) [2.4]	96.1 (2.0) [2.1]	92.7 (2.3) [1.9]
education	tertiary education	148.5 (2.4) [2.5]	140.6 (2.2) [2.9]	138.1 (2.8) [3.0]
sex	male	104.9 (0.6) [4.9]	102.9 (0.7) [4.9]	104.5 (0.8) [4.3]
sex	female	96.0 (0.5) [6.0]	97.6 (0.5) [6.1]	96.4 (0.6) [5.3]

Notes: Ratios are defined as weighted average income of a subgroup divided by weighted average income of all subgroups within that grouping. Bootstrapped standard errors are in the parenthesis. Number of observations in thousands in brackets.

Table 5. The Gini coefficient of income of subgroups in 2015.

Grouping	Subgroup	EU	new EU states	old EU states	LT
activity status	employed	28.6 (0.4) [25.5]	29.7 (0.7) [9.8]	28.3 (0.4) [15.5]	33.0 (0.9) [5.2]
activity status	unemployed	35.1 (0.9) [3.3]	36.9 (1.3) [1.2]	34.6 (1.1) [2.0]	47.8 (2.2) [0.6]
activity status	retired	27.4 (0.5) [9.5]	25.9 (0.5) [4.2]	27.8 (0.7) [5.6]	29.6 (1.0) [2.0]
activity status	student	32.2 (0.8) [3.5]	30.1 (1.0) [1.3]	32.7 (0.9) [2.2]	35.1 (1.6) [0.7]
activity status	other	32.5 (0.8) [5.7]	31.3 (1.1) [2.2]	32.7 (1.0) [3.5]	38.0 (1.5) [1.0]
nr working	0	32.2 (0.6) [12.8]	31.1 (0.9) [4.6]	32.4 (0.6) [8.0]	31.5 (1.5) [2.4]
nr working	1	31.6 (0.6) [15.1]	32.2 (1.2) [5.8]	31.4 (0.6) [9.2]	36.4 (1.1) [3.1]
nr working	2	26.5 (0.4) [16.7]	27.2 (0.6) [6.7]	26.3 (0.5) [10.1]	31.6 (1.3) [3.3]
nr working	3	25.1 (0.9) [2.5]	27.6 (1.7) [1.5]	23.8 (1.0) [1.3]	21.0 (1.4) [0.6]
nr working	4	24.6 (1.3) [0.6]	25.2 (1.9) [0.4]	24.2 (1.8) [0.3]	17.7 (3.3) [0.2]
main income	employment	27.2 (0.3) [24.1]	27.0 (0.4) [11.7]	27.3 (0.4) [13.6]	31.3 (0.9) [6.1]
main income	self-employment	42.6 (1.3) [3.4]	39.1 (1.6) [1.7]	43.0 (1.5) [1.9]	39.7 (2.2) [0.7]
main income	other	31.9 (0.4) [20.4]	33.9 (1.3) [5.6]	31.5 (0.5) [13.4]	33.0 (1.3) [2.8]
occupation	basic level	28.7 (1.0) [4.5]	33.1 (3.5) [1.9]	27.4 (0.7) [2.7]	35.6 (1.4) [1.4]
occupation	mid-level	27.5 (0.3) [21.0]	27.5 (0.5) [9.6]	27.5 (0.4) [12.2]	34.8 (0.9) [4.1]
occupation	technicians, associates	25.2 (0.6) [6.0]	24.4 (0.7) [1.6]	25.3 (0.7) [3.9]	31.0 (1.5) [0.6]
occupation	professionals	29.2 (0.8) [7.3]	25.9 (0.8) [2.4]	29.8 (0.9) [4.6]	31.0 (0.9) [1.9]
occupation	managers	31.9 (1.1) [2.3]	30.9 (1.7) [0.8]	31.9 (1.3) [1.5]	39.6 (2.5) [0.6]
sector	agriculture	35.2 (1.7) [1.0]	35.2 (1.5) [1.0]	34.0 (2.9) [0.3]	44.5 (2.4) [0.3]
sector	industry	27.1 (0.9) [3.4]	26.4 (0.8) [2.0]	27.4 (1.2) [1.8]	30.3 (1.4) [0.8]
sector	IT, finance, RE, admin	30.8 (1.0) [3.4]	31.5 (3.2) [0.9]	30.5 (1.0) [2.2]	35.1 (2.9) [0.6]
sector	public admin, education, health	25.7 (0.5) [5.8]	25.0 (0.8) [1.7]	25.7 (0.6) [3.7]	28.7 (1.0) [1.1]
sector	other services	27.9 (0.6) [7.6]	27.0 (0.8) [3.0]	27.9 (0.7) [4.6]	32.7 (1.2) [1.8]
age bracket	under 19	31.1 (1.1) [1.8]	32.8 (1.5) [0.7]	30.6 (1.3) [1.1]	34.8 (1.9) [0.4]
age bracket	19–29	30.8 (0.7) [6.9]	31.0 (1.0) [3.0]	30.6 (0.9) [4.1]	35.8 (1.4) [1.7]
age bracket	30–64	31.1 (0.3) [30.1]	31.7 (0.6) [12.0]	31.0 (0.4) [18.1]	37.4 (0.9) [5.7]
age bracket	65+	28.4 (0.7) [9.1]	26.7 (0.5) [3.3]	28.8 (0.8) [5.6]	30.8 (1.1) [1.9]
dependents	0	31.1 (0.4) [24.5]	30.8 (0.7) [8.9]	31.1 (0.4) [15.1]	38.4 (0.8) [4.8]
dependents	1	29.9 (0.6) [9.2]	29.2 (0.8) [4.3]	30.1 (0.8) [5.3]	30.8 (1.3) [2.1]
dependents	2	28.4 (0.6) [9.7]	29.2 (1.0) [3.9]	28.1 (0.7) [5.8]	37.9 (2.3) [2.0]
dependents	3	32.2 (1.1) [3.2]	32.2 (2.1) [1.2]	32.2 (1.3) [2.0]	36.2 (3.0) [0.5]
dependents	4	30.5 (2.6) [0.8]	34.6 (3.0) [0.3]	29.1 (3.0) [0.5]	20.7 (3.9) [0.1]
dependents	5	25.8 (4.0) [0.4]	21.9 (3.9) [0.3]	23.7 (5.7) [0.2]	24.7 (9.9) [0.1]
education	up to secondary	29.0 (0.3) [32.4]	29.7 (0.6) [14.1]	28.8 (0.4) [19.0]	35.0 (0.8) [4.6]
education	post-secondary	27.8 (1.0) [1.5]	28.2 (1.3) [0.6]	27.6 (1.2) [0.9]	34.7 (1.2) [1.9]
education	tertiary education	29.6 (0.5) [13.4]	27.1 (0.6) [3.9]	30.0 (0.6) [8.6]	33.1 (1.2) [3.0]
sex	male	31.0 (0.4) [22.7]	31.1 (0.6) [9.0]	30.9 (0.4) [13.7]	37.0 (0.9) [4.3]
sex	female	30.6 (0.4) [25.2]	30.9 (0.7) [10.0]	30.5 (0.5) [15.2]	36.8 (0.8) [5.3]

Notes: Bootstrapped standard errors are provided in the parenthesis. Number of observations are shown in thousands in brackets.

Table 6. Gini of subgroup incomes in Lithuania.

Grouping	Subgroup	2006	2010	2015
activity status	employed	30.9 (0.6) [6.2]	30.6 (0.7) [5.4]	33.0 (0.9) [5.2]
activity status	unemployed	42.1 (2.0) [0.4]	39.8 (1.8) [1.1]	47.8 (2.2) [0.6]
activity status	retired	25.1 (0.6) [2.0]	24.2 (0.7) [2.3]	29.6 (1.0) [2.0]
activity status	study	32.9 (1.3) [1.1]	34.0 (1.0) [1.1]	35.1 (1.6) [0.7]
activity status	other	34.8 (1.2) [1.1]	29.7 (1.2) [1.0]	38.0 (1.5) [1.0]
nr working	0	26.7 (1.2) [2.1]	29.8 (1.0) [3.1]	31.5 (1.5) [2.4]
nr working	1	31.9 (0.8) [3.0]	32.5 (1.0) [3.4]	36.4 (1.1) [3.1]
nr working	2	29.5 (0.8) [4.7]	27.8 (0.8) [3.6]	31.6 (1.3) [3.3]
nr working	3	24.7 (1.6) [0.8]	25.4 (1.9) [0.7]	21.0 (1.4) [0.6]
nr working	4	24.5 (3.8) [0.2]	19.4 (3.3) [0.2]	17.7 (3.3) [0.2]
main income	employment	30.4 (0.6) [7.5]	30.0 (0.6) [6.7]	31.3 (0.9) [6.1]
main income	self-employment	37.2 (2.1) [0.6]	44.3 (2.3) [0.4]	39.7 (2.2) [0.7]
main income	other	29.1 (1.2) [2.8]	29.3 (1.0) [3.9]	33.0 (1.3) [2.8]
occupation	basic level	31.0 (1.2) [1.6]	29.8 (0.9) [1.5]	35.6 (1.4) [1.4]
occupation	mid-level	29.9 (0.6) [5.1]	30.2 (0.7) [4.8]	34.8 (0.9) [4.1]
occupation	technicians, associates	30.5 (1.8) [0.7]	28.3 (1.4) [0.7]	31.0 (1.5) [0.6]
occupation	professionals	31.7 (0.9) [1.5]	28.8 (0.9) [1.9]	31.0 (0.9) [1.9]
occupation	managers	31.9 (1.3) [0.7]	32.1 (1.5) [0.7]	39.6 (2.5) [0.6]
sector	agriculture	41.3 (2.0) [0.5]	37.2 (2.4) [0.4]	44.5 (2.4) [0.3]
sector	industry	28.3 (1.1) [1.1]	31.1 (1.6) [0.9]	30.3 (1.4) [0.8]
sector	IT, finance, RE, admin	29.8 (1.8) [0.2]	28.3 (1.8) [0.5]	35.1 (2.9) [0.6]
sector	public admin, education, health	29.4 (1.0) [1.4]	27.5 (0.9) [1.3]	28.7 (1.0) [1.1]
sector	other services	30.4 (1.0) [2.2]	31.5 (0.9) [1.8]	32.7 (1.2) [1.8]
age bracket	under 19	33.5 (1.5) [0.6]	33.1 (1.5) [0.6]	34.8 (1.9) [0.4]
age bracket	19–29	34.3 (1.3) [2.2]	32.4 (1.0) [2.0]	35.8 (1.4) [1.7]
age bracket	30–64	33.2 (0.6) [6.4]	34.7 (0.7) [6.4]	37.4 (0.9) [5.7]
age bracket	65+	27.5 (0.9) [1.8]	24.7 (0.9) [2.0]	30.8 (1.1) [1.9]
dependents	0	35.6 (0.7) [5.3]	33.2 (0.7) [4.9]	38.4 (0.8) [4.8]
dependents	1	30.7 (0.9) [2.9]	31.2 (1.0) [2.8]	30.8 (1.3) [2.1]
dependents	2	29.1 (1.4) [2.0]	33.5 (1.4) [2.3]	37.9 (2.3) [2.0]
dependents	3	31.0 (3.1) [0.5]	36.2 (2.5) [0.7]	36.2 (3.0) [0.5]
dependents	4	35.2 (9.1) [0.1]	29.2 (5.7) [0.2]	20.7 (3.9) [0.1]
dependents	5	32.1 (7.3) [0.1]	8.5 (8.3) [0.1]	24.7 (9.9) [0.1]
education	up to secondary	31.1 (0.7) [5.8]	30.6 (0.6) [6.0]	35.0 (0.8) [4.6]
education	post-secondary	29.6 (0.7) [2.4]	31.5 (1.0) [2.1]	34.7 (1.2) [1.9]
education	tertiary education	30.7 (0.8) [2.5]	29.5 (0.9) [2.9]	33.1 (1.2) [3.0]
sex	male	33.3 (0.6) [4.9]	33.3 (0.7) [4.9]	37.0 (0.9) [4.3]
sex	female	34.0 (0.6) [6.0]	32.7 (0.6) [6.1]	36.8 (0.8) [5.3]

Notes: Bootstrapped standard errors are in the brackets. Number of observations in thousands in brackets.

Table 7. Stratfication of subgroup income in 2015.

Grouping	Subgroup	EU	new EU states	old EU states	LT
activity status	employed	17.7 (0.8) [25.5]	14.2 (1.5) [9.8]	18.6 (1.0) [15.5]	32.6 (2.0) [5.2]
activity status	unemployed	6.3 (2.3) [3.3]	7.3 (3.1) [1.2]	5.9 (2.8) [2.0]	−10.0 (5.8) [0.6]
activity status	retired	6.6 (0.8) [9.5]	10.4 (1.2) [4.2]	5.7 (1.0) [5.6]	11.7 (3.0) [2.0]
activity status	student	−3.5 (1.2) [3.5]	0.8 (2.0) [1.3]	−4.6 (1.5) [2.2]	1.3 (2.3) [0.7]
activity status	other	−1.6 (1.7) [5.7]	7.6 (2.2) [2.2]	−3.4 (1.9) [3.5]	−3.8 (3.3) [1.0]
nr working	0	−1.0 (1.3) [12.8]	6.1 (1.7) [4.6]	−2.7 (1.5) [8.0]	25.3 (6.6) [2.4]
nr working	1	−2.1 (0.8) [15.1]	−1.5 (1.5) [5.8]	−2.3 (0.9) [9.2]	−0.4 (2.2) [3.1]
nr working	2	23.2 (0.9) [16.7]	17.4 (1.7) [6.7]	24.9 (1.1) [10.1]	34.8 (2.6) [3.3]
nr working	3	15.8 (2.7) [2.5]	8.4 (5.6) [1.5]	19.8 (2.5) [1.3]	42.8 (3.7) [0.6]
nr working	4	18.0 (3.4) [0.6]	15.6 (5.2) [0.4]	19.5 (4.6) [0.3]	46.2 (9.1) [0.2]
main income	employment	16.3 (0.8) [24.1]	25.5 (1.6) [11.7]	14.4 (0.9) [13.6]	33.7 (2.4) [6.1]
main income	self-employment	−13.9 (1.3) [3.4]	−12.4 (2.2) [1.7]	−11.9 (1.8) [1.9]	14.8 (8.2) [0.7]
main income	other	−4.5 (0.8) [20.4]	−1.4 (2.2) [5.6]	−4.8 (0.9) [13.4]	18.4 (4.7) [2.8]
occupation	basic level	6.9 (2.3) [4.5]	1.1 (6.0) [1.9]	8.9 (1.9) [2.7]	2.0 (3.4) [1.4]
occupation	mid-level	7.0 (0.9) [21.0]	10.1 (1.4) [9.6]	6.4 (1.0) [12.2]	2.5 (1.8) [4.1]
occupation	technicians, associates	13.5 (1.1) [6.0]	14.9 (1.7) [1.6]	13.4 (1.2) [3.9]	13.9 (2.8) [0.6]
occupation	professionals	20.0 (1.6) [7.3]	27.0 (2.1) [2.4]	18.9 (1.9) [4.6]	22.3 (2.2) [1.9]
occupation	managers	10.4 (2.6) [2.3]	15.9 (4.2) [0.8]	9.4 (3.0) [1.5]	17.2 (4.3) [0.6]
sector	agriculture	−0.6 (3.8) [1.0]	9.9 (3.9) [1.0]	−5.1 (5.3) [0.3]	−19.7 (3.7) [0.3]
sector	industry	4.6 (1.2) [3.4]	7.6 (1.7) [2.0]	3.4 (1.6) [1.8]	3.7 (2.5) [0.8]
sector	IT, finance, RE, admin	5.5 (1.7) [3.4]	16.4 (3.7) [0.9]	4.1 (1.8) [2.2]	6.8 (3.9) [0.6]
sector	public admin, education, health	8.8 (1.2) [5.8]	12.6 (2.0) [1.7]	8.2 (1.4) [3.7]	9.8 (2.4) [1.1]
sector	other services	0.6 (1.1) [7.6]	5.8 (1.7) [3.0]	−0.2 (1.4) [4.6]	0.2 (2.1) [1.8]
age bracket	under 19	−1.0 (1.8) [1.8]	−3.6 (3.1) [0.7]	−0.3 (2.2) [1.1]	1.0 (3.0) [0.4]
age bracket	19–29	−1.4 (0.9) [6.9]	−1.1 (1.5) [3.0]	−1.4 (1.2) [4.1]	−0.6 (2.6) [1.7]
age bracket	30–64	0.0 (0.7) [30.1]	−1.2 (1.2) [12.0]	0.4 (0.8) [18.1]	2.7 (1.6) [5.7]
age bracket	65+	4.8 (0.9) [9.1]	7.9 (1.3) [3.3]	4.1 (1.0) [5.6]	7.9 (2.6) [1.9]
dependents	0	2.3 (0.7) [24.5]	4.3 (1.2) [8.9]	1.7 (0.9) [15.1]	−4.5 (2.0) [4.8]
dependents	1	1.7 (1.0) [9.2]	3.5 (1.5) [4.3]	1.3 (1.2) [5.3]	12.5 (2.9) [2.1]
dependents	2	3.8 (1.0) [9.7]	3.1 (1.8) [3.9]	4.0 (1.1) [5.8]	1.2 (2.8) [2.0]
dependents	3	−3.1 (2.0) [3.2]	−1.1 (4.2) [1.2]	−3.6 (2.2) [2.0]	−2.5 (7.0) [0.5]
dependents	4	1.3 (6.5) [0.8]	3.3 (7.3) [0.3]	0.7 (7.4) [0.5]	43.4 (7.1) [0.1]
dependents	5	26.1 (19.4) [0.4]	48.6 (9.1) [0.3]	16.9 (25.3) [0.2]	12.0 (37.0) [0.1]
education	up to secondary	7.4 (1.0) [32.4]	12.3 (2.0) [14.1]	6.5 (1.1) [19.0]	2.7 (2.1) [4.6]
education	post-secondary	2.9 (2.0) [1.5]	3.0 (2.6) [0.6]	3.1 (2.4) [0.9]	3.6 (1.9) [1.9]
education	tertiary education	17.2 (1.3) [13.4]	26.3 (1.9) [3.9]	15.8 (1.4) [8.6]	27.7 (2.4) [3.0]
sex	male	1.0 (0.6) [22.7]	0.6 (1.0) [9.0]	1.1 (0.7) [13.7]	2.4 (1.1) [4.3]
sex	female	−0.8 (0.6) [25.2]	−0.2 (1.0) [10.0]	−0.9 (0.7) [15.2]	−1.8 (1.0) [5.3]

Notes: Bootstrapped standard errors are provided in the parenthesis. Number of observations are shown in thousands in brackets.

Table 8. Stratfication of subgroup incomes in Lithuania.

Grouping	Subgroup	2006	2010	2015
activity status	employed	28.7 (1.6) [6.2]	17.8 (1.9) [5.4]	32.6 (2.0) [5.2]
activity status	unemployed	6.5 (4.7) [0.4]	4.0 (4.3) [1.1]	−10.0 (5.8) [0.6]
activity status	retired	15.6 (2.2) [2.0]	21.0 (1.9) [2.3]	11.7 (3.0) [2.0]
activity status	study	0.2 (1.8) [1.1]	−4.5 (1.9) [1.1]	1.3 (2.3) [0.7]
activity status	other	0.5 (2.4) [1.1]	9.1 (2.2) [1.0]	−3.8 (3.3) [1.0]
nr working	0	44.3 (3.8) [2.1]	22.7 (2.5) [3.1]	25.3 (6.6) [2.4]
nr working	1	0.9 (1.8) [3.0]	−0.4 (2.1) [3.4]	−0.4 (2.2) [3.1]
nr working	2	31.3 (2.1) [4.7]	26.3 (2.6) [3.6]	34.8 (2.6) [3.3]
nr working	3	34.0 (5.7) [0.8]	33.1 (5.5) [0.7]	42.8 (3.7) [0.6]
nr working	4	27.4 (13.8) [0.2]	36.6 (10.4) [0.2]	46.2 (9.1) [0.2]
main income	employment	35.0 (2.4) [7.5]	17.1 (2.4) [6.7]	33.7 (2.4) [6.1]
main income	self-employment	−3.3 (3.0) [0.6]	−16.9 (5.2) [0.4]	14.8 (8.2) [0.7]
main income	other	23.3 (4.3) [2.8]	20.9 (2.5) [3.9]	18.4 (4.7) [2.8]
occupation	basic level	5.2 (3.1) [1.6]	11.4 (2.1) [1.5]	2.0 (3.4) [1.4]
occupation	mid-level	9.0 (1.4) [5.1]	8.3 (1.7) [4.8]	2.5 (1.8) [4.1]
occupation	technicians, associates	13.9 (2.8) [0.7]	11.1 (3.7) [0.7]	13.9 (2.8) [0.6]
occupation	professionals	22.1 (2.7) [1.5]	22.0 (2.6) [1.9]	22.3 (2.2) [1.9]
occupation	managers	19.8 (3.4) [0.7]	14.7 (3.4) [0.7]	17.2 (4.3) [0.6]
sector	agriculture	−15.7 (4.3) [0.5]	−10.7 (5.1) [0.4]	−19.7 (3.7) [0.3]
sector	industry	5.3 (2.1) [1.1]	0.9 (2.7) [0.9]	3.7 (2.5) [0.8]
sector	IT, finance, RE, admin	17.0 (6.5) [0.2]	8.6 (4.4) [0.5]	6.8 (3.9) [0.6]
sector	public admin, education, health	10.2 (2.2) [1.4]	13.0 (2.5) [1.3]	9.8 (2.4) [1.1]
sector	other services	3.1 (1.9) [2.2]	−0.8 (1.9) [1.8]	0.2 (2.1) [1.8]
age bracket	under 19	−0.3 (2.1) [0.6]	0.3 (2.8) [0.6]	1.0 (3.0) [0.4]
age bracket	19–29	1.9 (2.2) [2.2]	−2.5 (2.1) [2.0]	−0.6 (2.6) [1.7]
age bracket	30–64	5.3 (1.3) [6.4]	−6.8 (1.3) [6.4]	2.7 (1.6) [5.7]
age bracket	65+	7.9 (2.5) [1.8]	19.3 (1.9) [2.0]	7.9 (2.6) [1.9]
dependents	0	−4.1 (1.7) [5.3]	3.5 (1.7) [4.9]	−4.5 (2.0) [4.8]
dependents	1	7.2 (2.1) [2.9]	2.1 (2.3) [2.8]	12.5 (2.9) [2.1]
dependents	2	8.4 (2.7) [2.0]	−3.1 (2.6) [2.3]	1.2 (2.8) [2.0]
dependents	3	3.1 (7.0) [0.5]	−9.6 (5.4) [0.7]	−2.5 (7.0) [0.5]
dependents	4	28.9 (10.5) [0.1]	5.6 (17.7) [0.2]	43.4 (7.1) [0.1]
dependents	5	48.1 (18.4) [0.1]	38.2 (25.9) [0.1]	12.0 (37.0) [0.1]
education	up to secondary	6.2 (1.6) [5.8]	10.6 (1.5) [6.0]	2.7 (2.1) [4.6]
education	post-secondary	8.0 (1.5) [2.4]	3.8 (1.7) [2.1]	3.6 (1.9) [1.9]
education	tertiary education	29.6 (2.5) [2.5]	22.8 (2.7) [2.9]	27.7 (2.4) [3.0]
sex	male	4.1 (1.0) [4.9]	0.0 (0.8) [4.9]	2.4 (1.1) [4.3]
sex	female	−3.0 (0.8) [6.0]	0.3 (0.7) [6.1]	−1.8 (1.0) [5.3]

Notes: Bootstrapped standard errors are in the parenthesis. Number of observations in thousands in brackets.

Table 9. Decomposition of the Gini coefficient in 2015.

Grouping	Decomposition	EU	new EU states	old EU states	LT
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
activity status	between	3.3 (0.2) [47.5]	3.8 (0.3) [18.7]	3.1 (0.2) [28.8]	7.0 (0.5) [9.5]
activity status	stratification	−1.7 (0.1) [47.5]	−1.9 (0.2) [18.7]	−1.6 (0.1) [28.8]	−3.5 (0.3) [9.5]
activity status	within	29.2 (0.3) [47.5]	29.3 (0.5) [18.7]	29.2 (0.3) [28.8]	33.4 (0.7) [9.5]
nr working	between	3.5 (0.2) [47.9]	3.5 (0.3) [19.0]	3.5 (0.2) [28.9]	10.1 (0.7) [9.6]
nr working	stratification	−1.8 (0.1) [47.9]	−1.7 (0.2) [19.0]	−1.8 (0.1) [28.9]	−5.0 (0.4) [9.6]
nr working	within	29.1 (0.3) [47.9]	29.3 (0.5) [19.0]	29.0 (0.3) [28.9]	31.9 (0.8) [9.6]
main income	between	1.1 (0.1) [47.9]	2.9 (0.3) [19.0]	0.8 (0.1) [28.9]	8.4 (0.7) [9.6]
main income	stratification	−0.5 (0.1) [47.9]	−1.4 (0.2) [19.0]	−0.4 (0.1) [28.9]	−4.1 (0.4) [9.6]
main income	within	30.2 (0.3) [47.9]	29.6 (0.5) [19.0]	30.2 (0.3) [28.9]	32.6 (0.7) [9.6]
occupation	between	4.6 (0.2) [41.1]	5.3 (0.4) [16.2]	4.5 (0.3) [24.9]	5.5 (0.7) [8.6]
occupation	stratification	−2.4 (0.1) [41.1]	−2.6 (0.2) [16.2]	−2.4 (0.2) [24.9]	−2.8 (0.4) [8.6]
occupation	within	28.0 (0.3) [41.1]	27.5 (0.5) [16.2]	28.0 (0.3) [24.9]	34.1 (0.7) [8.6]
sector	between	1.9 (0.2) [21.2]	4.2 (0.5) [8.5]	1.5 (0.2) [12.7]	1.2 (0.5) [4.5]
sector	stratification	−1.0 (0.1) [21.2]	−2.1 (0.3) [8.5]	−0.7 (0.1) [12.7]	−0.5 (0.3) [4.5]
sector	within	27.9 (0.4) [21.2]	27.7 (0.7) [8.5]	27.8 (0.4) [12.7]	32.4 (0.9) [4.5]
age bracket	between	0.4 (0.1) [47.9]	0.3 (0.1) [19.0]	0.4 (0.1) [28.9]	1.4 (0.2) [9.6]
age bracket	stratification	−0.1 (0.1) [47.9]	−0.1 (0.1) [19.0]	−0.2 (0.1) [28.9]	−0.5 (0.1) [9.6]
age bracket	within	30.6 (0.3) [47.9]	30.8 (0.5) [19.0]	30.5 (0.3) [28.9]	36.1 (0.8) [9.6]
dependents	between	0.8 (0.1) [47.9]	1.6 (0.3) [19.0]	0.7 (0.1) [28.9]	1.1 (0.4) [9.6]
dependents	stratification	−0.4 (0.1) [47.9]	−0.7 (0.1) [19.0]	−0.3 (0.1) [28.9]	−0.4 (0.2) [9.6]
dependents	within	30.4 (0.3) [47.9]	30.2 (0.5) [19.0]	30.4 (0.3) [28.9]	36.3 (0.8) [9.6]
education	between	3.4 (0.2) [47.2]	4.6 (0.3) [18.7]	3.2 (0.2) [28.5]	5.9 (0.6) [9.5]
education	stratification	−1.8 (0.1) [47.2]	−2.3 (0.2) [18.7]	−1.7 (0.1) [28.5]	−3.1 (0.4) [9.5]
education	within	29.2 (0.3) [47.2]	28.9 (0.5) [18.7]	29.2 (0.3) [28.5]	34.2 (0.7) [9.5]
sex	between	0.0 (0.1) [47.9]	0.1 (0.1) [19.0]	0.0 (0.1) [28.9]	0.2 (0.1) [9.6]
sex	stratification	0.0 (0.0) [47.9]	0.0 (0.0) [19.0]	0.0 (0.0) [28.9]	−0.1 (0.0) [9.6]
sex	within	30.8 (0.3) [47.9]	31.0 (0.5) [19.0]	30.7 (0.3) [28.9]	36.9 (0.8) [9.6]

Notes: The first figure in columns (3–6) represents the contribution to Gini coefficient of equivalised household disposable income. Bootstrapped standard errors are provided in the parenthesis. Number of observations are shown in thousands in brackets.

Table 10. Decomposition of the first differences of the Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income in Lithuania in 2015.

year	employed	unemployed	other	between	stratification	sum
2005	−0.80	−0.30	−0.20	−0.30	0.00	−1.60
2006	−0.20	−0.50	−0.40	0.20	−0.10	−1.00
2007	0.70	0.00	0.40	−0.50	0.20	0.80
2008	0.40	0.30	0.70	−0.20	0.20	1.40
2009	0.20	0.70	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.90
2010	−4.10	0.60	−0.40	0.00	0.20	−3.70
2011	−0.50	−0.70	−0.20	0.60	−0.40	−1.20
2012	2.30	−0.10	0.60	−0.10	−0.10	2.60
2013	0.40	−0.20	0.00	0.20	0.00	0.40
2014	2.80	0.10	−0.20	0.50	−0.30	2.90
2015	−1.00	0.10	−0.30	0.40	−0.20	−1.00

Notes: The sum indicates the first differences of the Gini coefficient, while other columns show the contribution. In 2014, the Gini rose by 2.9 Gini points and 2.8 Gini points are explained by the change in the contribution of the employed.

Table 11. Factor decomposition of the Gini coefficient in 2015 by labour, capital, transfers, taxes and their sub-factors.

Variable	EU	new EU states	old EU states	LT
Gini	30.86 (0.30)	30.55 (0.44)	30.88 (0.38)	36.96 (0.76)
Labour	43.91 (0.63)	42.51 (0.78)	44.25 (0.8)	53.63 (1.28)
employment	30.95 (0.52)	33.90 (0.78)	30.06 (0.65)	34.48 (1.18)
employer's social insurance contribution	7.52 (0.17)	5.47 (0.16)	8.03 (0.20)	9.67 (0.38)
self-employment	5.27 (0.36)	3.06 (0.33)	5.97 (0.45)	9.29 (0.86)
company car	0.16 (0.02)	0.09 (0.01)	0.18 (0.03)	0.19 (0.05)
income received by people aged under 16	0.00 (0.00)	−0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.00 (0.00)
Capital	2.76 (0.26)	0.96 (0.13)	3.29 (0.34)	1.32 (0.29)
interests, dividends, etc.	1.63 (0.23)	0.48 (0.09)	1.96 (0.29)	1.11 (0.28)
rental income	1.13 (0.09)	0.49 (0.08)	1.32 (0.11)	0.20 (0.05)
Transfers	4.66 (0.27)	2.56 (0.30)	5.24 (0.34)	−0.25 (0.30)
old-age benefits	5.07 (0.26)	3.28 (0.28)	5.62 (0.33)	−0.44 (0.25)
unemployment	0.19 (0.07)	0.02 (0.03)	0.20 (0.09)	0.04 (0.06)
survivor benefits	0.28 (0.06)	−0.04 (0.07)	0.37 (0.07)	−0.12 (0.03)
sickness benefits	0.06 (0.01)	0.10 (0.02)	0.05 (0.02)	0.47 (0.05)
education-related allowances	−0.04 (0.01)	−0.01 (0.02)	−0.05 (0.01)	0.00 (0.01)
family/children related allowances	−0.37 (0.04)	−0.18 (0.07)	−0.43 (0.05)	0.41 (0.15)
disability benefits	−0.11 (0.03)	−0.26 (0.07)	−0.06 (0.04)	0.03 (0.11)
social exclusion	−0.28 (0.02)	−0.18 (0.02)	−0.32 (0.03)	−0.41 (0.05)
housing allowances	−0.23 (0.02)	−0.05 (0.01)	−0.3 (0.02)	−0.03 (0.00)
regular inter-household cash transfers received	0.00 (0.06)	0.02 (0.04)	−0.01 (0.08)	−0.12 (0.05)
regular inter-household cash transfers paid	−0.14 (0.03)	−0.20 (0.08)	−0.12 (0.02)	−0.09 (0.04)
individual private pension	0.24 (0.04)	0.06 (0.01)	0.29 (0.05)	0.02 (0.01)
Taxes	−20.46 (0.31)	−15.49 (0.32)	−21.89 (0.39)	−17.74 (0.67)
tax on income and social insurance contributions	−12.79 (0.20)	−9.98 (0.25)	−13.69 (0.24)	−8.03 (0.30)
employer's social insurance contribution	−7.52 (0.17)	−5.47 (0.16)	−8.03 (0.20)	−9.67 (0.38)
regular taxes on wealth	−0.15 (0.01)	−0.04 (0.01)	−0.17 (0.02)	−0.04 (0.01)

Note: Bootstraped standard errors are provided in the parentheses.

Table 12. Factor decomposition of the of Gini of disposable income in 2015.

Variable	Contribution	EU	new EU states	old EU states	LT
Labour	T	43.91 (0.63)	42.51 (0.78)	44.25 (0.8)	53.63 (1.28)
Labour	R	75.55 (0.59)	79.58 (0.63)	74.38 (0.75)	90.61 (0.48)
Labour	G	52.7 (0.35)	49.26 (0.53)	53.66 (0.43)	52.22 (0.91)
Labour	S	110.28 (0.67)	108.47 (0.74)	110.87 (0.86)	113.35 (1.13)
employee	T	30.95 (0.52)	33.9 (0.78)	30.06 (0.65)	34.48 (1.18)
employee	R	70.43 (0.66)	75.68 (0.8)	68.87 (0.84)	81.44 (1.13)
employee	G	56.49 (0.37)	53.9 (0.59)	57.37 (0.46)	55.16 (0.93)
employee	S	77.8 (0.6)	83.12 (0.82)	76.07 (0.73)	76.77 (1.24)
self-employment	T	5.27 (0.36)	3.06 (0.33)	5.97 (0.45)	9.29 (0.86)
self-employment	R	44.65 (1.84)	30.06 (2.51)	48.5 (2.14)	70.11 (2.44)
self-employment	G	92.06 (0.41)	89.43 (0.39)	92.73 (0.51)	91.13 (0.58)
self-employment	S	12.82 (0.43)	11.39 (0.46)	13.28 (0.54)	14.53 (1.01)
Capital	T	2.76 (0.26)	0.96 (0.13)	3.29 (0.34)	1.32 (0.29)
Capital	R	67.94 (2.14)	68.24 (3.15)	67.87 (2.33)	76.41 (5.08)
Capital	G	92.89 (0.33)	98.06 (0.14)	90.92 (0.44)	98.13 (0.29)
Capital	S	4.37 (0.28)	1.44 (0.13)	5.32 (0.36)	1.75 (0.31)
Transfer	T	4.66 (0.27)	2.56 (0.3)	5.24 (0.34)	−0.25 (0.3)
Transfer	R	21.22 (1.07)	13.35 (1.45)	22.98 (1.28)	−1.84 (2.23)
Transfer	G	66.88 (0.35)	64.69 (0.74)	67.27 (0.41)	57.26 (0.86)
Transfer	S	32.84 (0.4)	29.65 (0.52)	33.87 (0.5)	23.47 (0.66)
Tax	T	−20.46 (0.31)	−15.49 (0.32)	−21.89 (0.39)	−17.74 (0.67)
Tax	R	80.78 (0.47)	78.28 (0.65)	81.43 (0.56)	81.03 (1.14)
Tax	G	53.35 (0.37)	50.02 (0.56)	53.7 (0.45)	56.75 (0.94)
Tax	S	−47.49 (0.35)	−39.56 (0.3)	−50.07 (0.42)	−38.57 (0.71)

Notes: G is decomposed into income factors $\sum _{k=1}^4{T}_k$, where k represents labour, capital, transfers and taxes. We further decompose $T_k$ into $\left(R_k/100\right)\left(G_k/100\right)S_k$. Here $R_k$ is the Gini correlation between household disposable income and factor k that ranges between −100 and 100. The component $G_k$ represents the Gini index of factor k and $S_k$ is the share of factor k of the household disposable income. Bootstrapped standard errors are provided in the parentheses.

Table 13. Marginal decomposition of the Gini coefficient in 2015 by labour, capital, transfers, taxes and their sub-factors.

Variable	EU	new EU states	old EU states	LT
Gini	0.0000 (0.0000)	0.0000 (0.0000)	0.0000 (0.0000)	0.0000 (0.0000)
Labour	0.0987 (0.0038)	0.0938 (0.0038)	0.1001 (0.0049)	0.1174 (0.0062)
employment	0.0694 (0.0035)	0.0851 (0.0042)	0.0657 (0.0043)	0.0611 (0.0072)
employer's social insurance contribution	0.0155 (0.0011)	0.0126 (0.0011)	0.0149 (0.0013)	0.0161 (0.0023)
self-employment	0.0131 (0.0025)	−0.0042 (0.0026)	0.0187 (0.0032)	0.0391 (0.005)
company car	0.0008 (0.0001)	0.0005 (0.0001)	0.0008 (0.0002)	0.001 (0.0003)
income received by people aged under 16	−0.0001 (0.0000)	−0.0002 (0.0001)	−0.0001 (0.0001)	0.0000 (0.0000)
Capital	0.0141 (0.0017)	0.0052 (0.0009)	0.0164 (0.0022)	0.0067 (0.0018)
interests, dividends, etc.	0.0087 (0.0015)	0.0028 (0.0006)	0.0102 (0.0019)	0.0063 (0.0018)
rental income	0.0054 (0.0006)	0.0024 (0.0006)	0.0062 (0.0007)	0.0004 (0.0003)
Transfers	−0.0547 (0.0022)	−0.0650 (0.0025)	−0.0522 (0.0028)	−0.0892 (0.0029)
old-age benefits	−0.0164 (0.002)	−0.0311 (0.0022)	−0.0118 (0.0026)	−0.0544 (0.0023)
unemployment	−0.0053 (0.0006)	−0.0020 (0.0003)	−0.0069 (0.0008)	−0.0031 (0.0005)
survivor benefits	−0.0031 (0.0005)	−0.0053 (0.0006)	−0.0025 (0.0006)	−0.0041 (0.0004)
sickness benefits	−0.0003 (0.0001)	−0.0001 (0.0001)	−0.0004 (0.0001)	−0.0007 (0.0003)
education-related allowances	−0.0012 (0.0001)	−0.0006 (0.0002)	−0.0014 (0.0002)	−0.0003 (0.0001)
family/children related allowances	−0.0114 (0.0005)	−0.0104 (0.0008)	−0.0116 (0.0006)	−0.0054 (0.0011)
disability benefits	−0.0072 (0.0004)	−0.0101 (0.0009)	−0.0062 (0.0004)	−0.0112 (0.0014)
social exclusion	−0.0047 (0.0003)	−0.0029 (0.0003)	−0.0053 (0.0004)	−0.0066 (0.0008)
housing allowances	−0.0042 (0.0002)	−0.0008 (0.0001)	−0.0054 (0.0003)	−0.0004 (0.0001)
regular inter-household cash transfers received	−0.0030 (0.0004)	−0.0029 (0.0004)	−0.0030 (0.0006)	−0.0037 (0.0008)
regular inter-household cash transfers paid	0.0010 (0.0003)	0.0007 (0.0008)	0.0011 (0.0003)	0.0007 (0.0004)
individual private pension	0.001 (0.0003)	0.0003 (0.0001)	0.0012 (0.0003)	0.0001 (0.0001)
Taxes	−0.0581 (0.0017)	−0.0340 (0.0018)	−0.0643 (0.0021)	−0.0348 (0.0039)
tax on income and social insurance contributions	−0.0440 (0.0011)	−0.0224 (0.0015)	−0.0511 (0.0014)	−0.0189 (0.0017)
employer's social insurance contribution	−0.0155 (0.0011)	−0.0126 (0.0011)	−0.0149 (0.0013)	−0.0161 (0.0023)
regular taxes on wealth	0.0014 (0.0001)	0.0009 (0.0001)	0.0017 (0.0002)	0.0002 (0.0001)

Note: Bootstraped standard errors are provided in the parentheses.

Table 14. Progressivity index for market incomes in 2015.

	EU	new EU states	old EU states	LT
Redistributive effect of public transfers	19.8	18.5	20.2	13.2
Redistributive effect of taxes	23.9	16.3	26.8	12.1
Redistributive effect of taxes without ESC${}^{\mathrm{a}}$	8.9	7.1	9.6	3.8
Average tax rate	47.8	41.2	50.1	38.6
Average public transfer rate	21.9	21.3	22.1	16.7
Tax progressivity index	50.0	39.6	53.5	31.4
Public transfers progressivity index	90.6	86.9	91.7	78.7

Notes: The redistributive effects of public transfers and taxes are calculated by multiplying their progressivity index with the average rates as in (2(2) $redistributio{n}_i=\frac{r_i}{100}progressivit{y}_i,$(2) ). To compute the average tax rate, we divide the taxes paid by the disposable income of the population. To compute the average public transfer rate we divide the public transfers received by the market income after public transfers of the population. To compute the progressivity of taxes, we subtract the concentration coefficient of market income after public transfers from the concentration coefficient of taxes. To compute the progressivity of public transfers, we subtract the concentration coefficient of public transfers from the concentration coefficient of market income. Tax progressivity is measured using the Kakwani index, where 100 is a very progressive Tax system and −100 is a very regressive tax system. The same is applied to transfers.${}^{\mathrm{a}}$ESC – employer's social insurance contributions.

Table 15. Progressivity index for market incomes in 2015 for self-employed.

	EU	new EU states	old EU states	LT
Redistributive effect of transfers	1.3	1.9	1.1	2.0
Redistributive effect of taxes	4.9	1.7	5.6	−1.3
Redistributive effect of taxes without ESC${}^{\mathrm{a}}$	7.5	4.0	8.1	−0.5
Tax progressivity index	12.4	6.4	12.8	−11.3
Transfers progressivity index	19.1	20.5	17.1	25.8
Average tax rate	39.0	26.1	43.9	11.1
Average transfer rate	7.0	9.2	6.2	7.8

Notes: The redistributive effects of public transfers and taxes are calculated by multiplying their progressivity index with the average rates as in (2(2) $redistributio{n}_i=\frac{r_i}{100}progressivit{y}_i,$(2) ). To compute the average tax rate, we divide the taxes paid by the disposable income of the population. To compute the average public transfer rate we divide the public transfers received by the market income after public transfers of the population. To compute the progressivity of taxes, we subtract the concentration coefficient of market income after public transfers from the concentration coefficient of taxes. To compute the progressivity of public transfers, we subtract the concentration coefficient of public transfers from the concentration coefficient of market income. Tax progressivity is measured using the Kakwani index, where 100 is a very progressive Tax system and −100 is a very regressive tax system. The same is applied to transfers.

${}^{\mathrm{a}}$ESC – employer's social insurance contributions.

Figure 2. Simulating the effect of changes in progressivity and average rate of tax and public transfers on the Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income in Lithuania.

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