Underlying Cognitions in Children's Gambling Behavior: Can they be Modified?

Figures & data

Table 1. Perceived skill and luck for all activities: pre-treatment for the entire sample

	High/low	Gambling in general	Lottery	Blackjack	Roulette	Slot machines
Skill	3.33	4.50	2.76	4.20	3.05	2.49
Luck	5.74	5.73	6.19	5.17	5.93	6.01
	Baseball	Video-games	School	Swimming
Skill	6.06	5.52	6.53	6.33
Luck	3.46	3.72	3.07	2.62
Range: 1–7.

Figure 1 Ratings of skill and luck for the high/low task

Figure 2 Ratings of skill and luck for the combined gambling activities

Figure 3 Ratings of skill and luck for the combined non-gambling activities

Table 2. Summary of results of group differences for the gambling tasks

		High/low	Combined gambling activities	Gambling in general	Black-jack	Lottery	Slot machines	Roulette
Skill	90 50 10 C	↓   ↓	↓   ↓ *  ↓ *  ↓	↓ *  ↓ *	↓ *			↓ *
Luck	90 50 10 C	↑   ↑ *  ↑ *	↑ *  ↑   ↑ *	↑   ↑ *	↑ *  ↑ *  ↑ *	↑ *  ↑   ↑	↑ *  ↑   ↑
Note: C = control group.
*Significant at the p < 0.05 level.

Table 3. Gender differences in ratings of skill and luck for the combined gambling activities

		Skill ratings				Luck ratings
		Pre-test	Post 1	Post 2	Post 3	Pre-test	Post 1	Post 2	Post 3
90%	Female	21.73	22.73	20.36	18.38	33.52	34.10	35.97	36.75
	Male	21.95	20.73	21.68	22.21	33.55	35.31	35.37	36.58
50%	Female	24.30	23.03	21.73	19.85	35.13	37.10	36.73	36.90
	Male	17.38	16.43	15.88	14.98	35.48	35.38	35.05	35.63
10%	Female	18.29	19.44	16.48	16.50	34.65	37.52	37.72	37.72
	Male	19.36	19.21	17.29	16.49	34.59	36.67	36.85	37.82
Control	Female	22.95	23.72	22.42	22.77	33.89	33.89	33.88	32.74
	Male	15.80	16.39	14.82	14.16	36.98	36.98	38.46	39.38
Range: 6–42.

Table 4. Percent average bets for each group over time

	First period		Second period		Third period
Percentage average bet	Mean (%)	SD	Mean (%)	SD	Mean (%)	SD
90% group	5.88	1.34	5.45	1.41	4.68	2.23
50% group	5.17	1.35	7.56	1.43	7.10	2.26
10% group	3.61	1.37	9.55	1.45	22.33	2.28