All in: a scoping review of the association between gambling and athletic participation

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study selection process: PRISMA diagram.

Table 1. Data items, response format, response options, and reliability.

Data item	Response format	Response options, if applicable	Kappa* or % Agreement
Country of origin	Select one	e.g., United States	97.0%
Funder(s)	Open		.82/.86/.87
Year of study publication	Open		92.6%
Years of data collection (inclusive)	Open	e.g., 2005–2008	83.0%
Sample size of the final analytic sample	Open		85.2%
Specific population	Open	e.g., ‘professional athletes recruited from 2 MLS teams’	N/A (narrative)
Specific sport	Open	e.g., ‘American football’	88.1%
Study design: major category	Select one	Experimental vs. Observational vs. Other	N/A (all coded observational)
Study design: minor category	Select one	If EXPERIMENTAL: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), Non-Randomized Trial, Other:_____	N/A (no experimental)
Study design: minor category	Select one	If OBSERVATIONAL: Cross-sectional study, Cohort Study, Case-Control study, Case series/case study, Other:_____	−.03/.66/-.02 (all but 2–3 cross-sectional)
Gambling concept(s) measured	Select all that apply	(1) Gambling participation/involvement, (2) Presence/severity of gambling problem, (3) Other:______	(1) .85/.83/.83 (2) .86/.92/.85 (3) .42/.75/.33
Source of gambling concept(s) measured	Select all that apply	(1) Self-report, (2) Proxy report, (3) Financial records, (4) Other:______	(1) N/A (all y) (2) –/.00/.00 (all but 0–1 n) (3) N/A (all y) (4) .00/1.00/.00 (all but 0–1 n)
Athletic participation concept(s) measured	Select all that apply	(1) High school athletics, (2) Private youth competitive (e.g. club, Olympic development), (3) Collegiate athletics (varsity), (4) Collegiate athletics (intramural/club), (5) Adult recreational competitive, (6) Elite, (7) Other: _______	(1) .73/.90/.73 (2) .56/.64/.56 (3) .95/.95/1.00 (4) .76/.80/.80 (5) 1.00/.88/.88 (6) 1.00/.94/.94 (7) .53/.38/.29
Duration of follow-up phase, if applicable	Open	e.g., 3 months	97.8%
Did the authors statically test the association between gambling and athletic participation?	Select one	Yes, No	.46/.68/.59
→ If YES: Which aspect(s) of gambling were included in this analysis?	Select all that apply	Responses carried over from ‘Gambling concept(s) measured’	(1) –/.00/– (all but 0–1 y) (2) 1.00/1.00/1.00 (3) –/.00/.00 (only 1–2 cases)
→ If YES: Which aspect(s) of athletic participation were included in this analysis?	Select all that apply	Responses carried over from ‘Athletic participation concept(s) measured’	(1) –/.00/.00 (all but 0–1 y) (2) –/.00/.00 (all but 0–1 y) (3) 1.00/.00/.00 (all but 1–2 y) (4) 1.00/–/– (all but 0–1 y) (5) N/A (all y) (6) 1.00/1.00/.5 (only 3–4 cases) (7) N/A (all y)
→ If YES: When statistically testing the association between gambling and athletic participation, did the authors conduct only bivariate tests or did they conduct any multivariable tests?	Select one	Bivariate only, Multivariable	.87/.71/.80
Did the authors include potential confounders/moderators in their analysis?	Select one	Yes, no	.57/.42/.05
→ If YES: What confounders/moderators?	Open	e.g., presence of psychiatric condition(s), Age, SES, Gender, Race/ethnicity	N/A (narrative)
Did the authors include potential mediators in their analysis?	Select one	Yes, no	.64/1.00/.64
→ If YES: What mediators?	Open	e.g., competitiveness, impulsivity	N/A (narrative)
Major finding(s)	Open		N/A (narrative)

Note: *Reported kappa included kappa for Coders 1 & 2/kappa for Coders 1 &3/kappa for Coders 2&3.

Table 2. Studies included in scoping review.

Study ID	Study
1	Ariyabuddhiphongs & Sakolnakorn (2014). Peer pressure and Thai amateur golfers’ gambling on their games: The mediating effect of golf self-efficacy. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(3), 685–696.
2	Bacon, V. L., & Russell, P. J. (2004). Addiction and the college athlete: The multiple addictive behaviors (MABQ) questionnaire with college athletes. The Sport Journal, 7(2), 1–7.
3	Bhullar et al. (2012). The significance of gender and ethnicity in collegiate gambling and drinking. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 11(3), 154–164.
4	Butts, F. (2006). A study of gambling activity in a NCAA Division II Institution. The Sport Journal, 9(4).
5	Caldeira et al. (2017). Risk factors for gambling and substance use among recent college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 280–290.
6	Cross et al. (1998). Student-athletes and gambling: An analysis of attitudes toward risk-taking. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14(4), 431–439.
7	Curry, T. J., & Jiobu, R. M. (1995). Do motives matter? Modeling gambling on sports among athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 21–35.
8	DiCicco-Bloom and Romero (2012). Poker, sports betting, and less popular alternatives: Status, friendship networks, and male adolescent gambling. Youth & Society, 44(1), 141–170.
9	Ellenbogen et al. (2008). Gambling behavior among college student-athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 349–362.
10	Engwall et al. (2004). Gambling and other risk behaviors on university campuses. Journal of American College Health, 52(6), 245–255.
11	Escario and Wilkinson (2020). Exploring predictors of online gambling in a nationally representative sample of Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 287–292.
12	Gavriel-Fried et al. (2015). The link between competitive sports and gambling behaviors among youths. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(3), 200–202.
13	Geisner et al. (2012). Differences between athletes and non-athletes in risk and health behaviors in graduating high school seniors. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 21(2), 156–166.
14	Grall-Bronnec, M., Caillon, J., Humeau, E., Perrot, B., Remaud, M., Guilleux, A., … Bouju, G. (2016). Gambling among European professional athletes Prevalence and associated factors. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 35(4), 278–290.
15	Hakansson et al. (2020). Psychological distress and problem gambling in elite athletes during COVID-19 restrictions – A web survey in top leagues of three sports during the pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(18).
16	Håkansson et al. (2018). Problem gambling and gaming in elite athletes. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 8, 79–84.
17	Hraba et al. (1990). Lottery play and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6(4), 355–377.
18	Huang et al. (2010). Sexual risk-taking behaviors, gambling, and heavy drinking among US college athletes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(3), 706–713.
19	Huang et al. (2011). DSM-based problem gambling: Increasing the odds of heavy drinking in a national sample of US college athletes? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(3), 302–308.
20	Huang et al. (2007a). Gambling and health risk behaviors among US college student-athletes: Findings from a national study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(5), 390–397.
21	Huang et al. (2007b). A national study on gambling among US college student-athletes. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 93–99.
22	Jensen, S. N., Ivarsson, A., Fallby, J., & Elbe, A.-M. (2019). Gambling behaviors among Danish and Swedish elite football players. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(1), 95–102.
23	Jones, C. M., & Noël, B. (2021). Skin in the game – Erroneous beliefs and emotional involvement as correlates of athletes’ sports betting behavior and problems. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 10(3), 412–421.
24	Kerber, C. S. (2005). Problem and pathological gambling among college athletes. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 17(4), 243–247.
25	Lim, M. S. M., Bowden-Jones, H., Salinas, M., Price, J., Goodwin, G. M., Geddes, J., & Rogers, R. D. (2017). The experience of gambling problems in British professional footballers: A preliminary qualitative study. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(2), 129–138.
26	Marchica and Derevensky (2016). Fantasy sports: A growing concern among college student-athletes. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(5), 635–645.
27	Martin, R. J., Nelson, S. E., & Gallucci, A. R. (2016). Game on: Past year gambling, gambling-related problems, and fantasy sports gambling among college athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 567–579.
28	Molinaro et al. (2018). Prevalence of youth gambling and potential influence of substance use and other risk factors throughout 33 European countries: First results from the 2015 ESPAD study. Addiction, 113(10), 1862–1873.
29	Moore and Ohtsuka (2000). The structure of young people’s leisure and their gambling behavior. Behaviour Change, 17(3), 167–177.
30	Moriconi and de Cima (2020). Betting practices among players in Portuguese championships: From cultural to illegal behaviors. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(1), 161–181.
31	Nelson et al. (2007). Sports betting and other gambling in athletes, fans, and other college students. Res Q Exerc Sport, 78(4), 271–283.
32	Purcell et al. (2020). Rates and correlates of mental health symptoms in currently competing elite athletes from the Australian National High-Performance Sports System. Sports Med, 50(9), 1683–1694.
33	Richard, Martin-Storey, et al. (2019). Variations in gambling disorder symptomatology across sexual identity among college student-athletes. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35(4), 1303–1316.
34	Richard, Paskus, et al. (2019). Trends in gambling behavior among college student-athletes: A comparison of 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 NCAA survey data. Journal of Gambling Issues, 41, 73–100.
35	Rockey et al. (2002). Gambling by college athletes: An association between problem gambling and athletes. Journal of Gambling Issues, 7(7).
36	Sansanwal et al. (2018). Trends in gambling behavior among NCAA college student-athletes: A comparison of 2004, 2008 and 2012 NCAA survey data. International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine, 4(3).
37	Shead et al. (2014). Trends in gambling behavior among college student-athletes: A comparison of 2004 and 2008 NCAA survey data. Journal of Gambling Issues, 29, 1–21.
38	St-Pierre et al. (2014). Predicting gambling problems from gambling outcome expectancies in college student-athletes. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(1), 47–60.
39	Stuhldreher et al. (2007). Gambling as an emerging health problem on campus. Journal of American College Health, 56(1), 75–83.
40	Vinberg et al. (2020). Gambling and gambling problem among elite athletes and their professional coaches: findings from a Swedish total population survey of participants in four sports. International Gambling Studies, 20(2), 262–281.
41	Vinberg, M., Wetterborg, D., & Enebrink, P. (2021). Gambling at Work: A Qualitative Study of Swedish Elite Athletes, Coaches, and Managers. Journal of Gambling Studies.
42	Weinstock et al. (2007). Gambling behavior of student-athletes and a student cohort: What are the odds? Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(1), 13–24.
43	Weiss (2010). Cross-addiction on campus: More problems for student-athletes. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(10), 1525–1541.
44	Weiss and Loubier (2010). Gambling habits of athletes and nonathletes classified as disordered gamblers. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 144(6), 507–521.
45	Weiss and Loubier (2008). Gambling behaviors of former athletes: The delayed competitive effect. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 12(1–2), 53–60.

Table 3. Evidence Map Using COIS Study IDs.

	Gambling Concept Measured
Athletic Concept	Gambing Participation (e.g. frequency, money spent, type of gambling activity, age of onset gambling) regardless of problem gambling	Presence/severity of problem gambling (includes gambling- related consequences, age of onset of problem gambling)	Other (Specify) Gambling Concept: (e.g. gambling exposure, Daily Fantasy Sports participation, knowledge of gambling rules)
High School Athletics	8, 12, 13, 28, 29, 43	8, 12, 29, 43	8
Private youth competitive (e.g. club, olympic development)	8, 12, 28, 29	8, 12, 22, 29	8
Collegiate Athletics (varsity)	3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45	2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45	4, 6, 9, 20, 24, 34, 36, 38
Collegiate Athletics (Club/Intramural)	3, 5, 7, 10, 24, 27, 31, 39	3, 10, 24, 27, 31, 39, 44	24
Adult Recreational Athletics (i.e. competitive activities where the primary purpose of the activity is participation, with the related goals of improved physical fitness, fun, and social involvement often prominent)	1, 43, 45	43, 45
Elite Athletics	14, 16, 25, 30, 40, 41, 43, 45	14, 15, 16, 22, 25, 30, 32, 40, 41, 43, 45	14, 25, 30, 40, 41
Other Athletic Concept: (e.g. type of sport, sports motives)	6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20, 23, 34, 36, 37, 40, 43	9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 23, 32, 34, 36, 37, 40, 43	6, 9, 14, 20, 23, 34, 36, 40

Note: Each study was assigned a number and numbers are repeated because many studies measured multiple concepts. Study numbers in bold indicate the authors conducted a statistical test of significance between the gambling and athletic participation concept.

Table 4. Categories and Subcategories of Charted Studies.

Findings	# of Studies	%	% w/in Category
No statistical test of the association between gambling and athletic status Prevalence of gambling among athletes Prevalence of gambling problems among athletes Compared gender differences in gambling among athletes Compared gender differences in gambling problems among athletes	19 15 17 9 11	42.2 33.3 37.8 20 24.4	78.9 89.5 47.4 57.9
Bivariate test of the association between gambling and athletic status Positive relationship between being an athlete and gambling Positive relationship between being an athlete and gambling problems No relationship between being an athlete and gambling No relationship between being an athlete and gambling problems Negative relationship between being an athlete and gambling problems Only tested relationship between sport type or level and gambling or gambling problems	11 2 2 2 2 1 5	24.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 2.2 11.1	18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 9.1 45.5
Bivariate test of the association between gambling and athletic status, run separately by gender Positive association between being an athlete and gambling, but only for males No gender by athlete status interaction on association between being an athlete and gambling Positive association between being an athlete and gambling problems, but only for males Positive association between being an athlete and gambling problems, but only for females No gender by athlete status interaction on association between being an athlete and gambling problems Only tested gender interaction with sport type or level on gambling or gambling problems	7 0 2 2 1 1 3	15.6 0 4.4 4.4 2.2 2.2 6.7	0 28.6 28.6 14.3 14.3 42.9
Multivariable test of association between gambling and athletic status Positive relationship between being an athlete and gambling, when controlling for other factors No relationship between being an athlete and gambling, when controlling for other factors Positive relationship between being an athlete and gambling problems, when controlling for other factors No association between being an athlete and gambling problems, when controlling for other factors Only tested relationship between sport type or level and gambling or gambling problems	15 5 5 1 7 2	33.3 11.1 11.1 2.2 15.6 4.4	33.3 33.3 6.7 46.7 13.3
Multivariable test of the interaction between gender and athletic status in relation to gambling Gender by athlete status interaction – association between being an athlete and gambling, but only for males No gender by athlete status interaction on association between being an athlete and gambling Gender by athlete status interaction – association between being an athlete and gambling problems, but only for males No gender by athlete status interaction on association between being an athlete and gambling problems	9 3 3 1 4	20 6.7 6.7 2.2 8.9	33.3 33.3 11.1 44.4

Ariyabuddhiphongs, & Sakolnakorn. (2014). Peer pressure and Thai amateur golfers’ gambling on their games: The mediating effect of golf self-efficacy. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(3), 685–696.

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Bacon, V. L., & Russell, P. J. (2004). Addiction and the college athlete: The multiple addictive behaviors (MABQ) questionnaire with college athletes. The Sport Journal, 7(2), 1–7.

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Bhullar, N., Simons, L., & Joshi, K. (2012). The significance of gender and ethnicity in collegiate gambling and drinking. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 11(3), 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0b013e31822f9ca9

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Butts, F. (2006). A study of gambling activity in a NCAA Division II Institution. The Sport Journal, 9(4).

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Caldeira, K. M., Arria, A. M., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., Robertson, C., & Welsh, C. J. (2017). Risk factors for gambling and substance use among recent college students. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.024

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cross, M. E., Basten, J., Hendrick, E. M., Kristofic, B., & Schaffer, E. J. (1998). Student-athletes and gambling: An analysis of attitudes towards risk-taking. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14(4), 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023081228054

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Curry, T. J., & Jiobu, R. M. (1995). Do motives matter? Modeling gambling on sports among athletes. Sociology of Sport Journal, 12, 21–35.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

DiCicco-Bloom, B., & Romero, D. (2012). Poker, sports betting, and less popular alternatives: Status, friendship networks, and male adolescent gambling. Youth & Society, 44(1), 141–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X10396641

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

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Engwall, D., Hunter, R., & Steinberg, M. (2004). Gambling and other risk behaviors on university campuses. Journal of American College Health, 52(6), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.52.6.245-256

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Escario, J., & Wilkinson, A. V. (2020). Exploring predictors of online gambling in a nationally representative sample of Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.002

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Gavriel-Fried, B., Bronstein, I., & Sherpsky, I. (2015). The link between competitive sports and gambling behaviors among youths. American Journal of Addiction, 24(3), 200–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12189

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Geisner, I. M., Grossbard, J., Tollison, S., & Larimer, M. E. (2012). Differences between athletes and non-athletes in risk and health behaviors in graduating high school seniors. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 21(2), 156–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2012.662433

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Grall-Bronnec, M., Caillon, J., Humeau, E., Perrot, B., Remaud, M., Guilleux, A., & Bouju, G. (2016). Gambling among European professional athletes Prevalence and associated factors. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 35(4), 278–290.

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Hakansson, A., Jonsson, C., & Kentta, G. (2020). Psychological distress and problem gambling in elite athletes during COVID-19 restrictions—a web survey in top leagues of three sports during the pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186693

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Håkansson, A., Kenttä, G., & Åkesdotter, C. (2018). Problem gambling and gaming in elite athletes. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 8, 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.08.003

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hraba, J., Mok, W., & Huff, D. (1990). Lottery play and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6(4), 355–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01014590

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Huang, J.-H., Jacobs, D. F., & Derevensky, J. L. (2010). Sexual risk-taking behaviors, gambling, and heavy drinking among US college athletes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(3), 706–713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9521-7

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huang, J.-H., Jacobs, D. F., & Derevensky, J. L. (2011). DSM-based problem gambling: Increasing the odds of heavy drinking in a national sample of US college athletes? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(3), 302–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.07.001

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huang, J.-H., Jacobs, D. F., Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., & Paskus, T. S. (2007a). Gambling and health risk behaviors among U.S. college student-athletes: Findings from a national study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(5), 390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.146

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Huang, J.-H., Jacobs, D. F., Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., & Paskus, T. S. (2007b). A national study on gambling among US college student-athletes. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.2.93-100

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jensen, S. N., Ivarsson, A., Fallby, J., & Elbe, A.-M. (2019). Gambling behaviors among Danish and Swedish elite football players. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(1), 95–102.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jones, C. M., & Noël, B. (2021). Skin in the game – Erroneous beliefs and emotional involvement as correlates of athletes’ sports betting behavior and problems. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 10(3), 412–421.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kerber, C. S. (2005). Problem and pathological gambling among college athletes. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 17(4), 243–247.

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Lim, M. S. M., Bowden Jones, H., Salinas, M., Price, J., Goodwin, G. M., Geddes, J., & Rogers, R. D. (2017). The experience of gambling problems in British professional footballers: A preliminary qualitative study. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(2), 129–138.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Marchica, L., & Derevensky, J. (2016). Fantasy sports: A growing concern among college student-athletes. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(5), 635–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9610-x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Molinaro, S., Benedetti, E., Scalese, M., Bastiani, L., Fortunato, L., Cerrai, S., Urdih Lazar, T. (2018). Prevalence of youth gambling and potential influence of substance use and other risk factors throughout 33 European countries: First results from the 2015 ESPAD study. Addiction, 113(10), 1862–1873. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14275

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

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 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Moriconi, M., & de Cima, C. (2020). Betting practices among players in Portuguese championships: From cultural to illegal behaviours. Journal of Gambling Studies, 36(1), 161–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09880-x

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 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Richard, J., Paskus, T. S., & Derevensky, J. L. (2019). Trends in gambling behavior among college student-athletes: A comparison of 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 NCAA survey data. Journal of Gambling Issues, 41(41), 73–100. https://doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2019.41.5

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Sansanwal, R. M., Derevensky, J. L., & Paskus, T. S. (2018). Trends in gambling behaviour among NCAA college student-athletes: A comparison of 2004, 2008 and 2012 NCAA survey data. International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-5718/1510096

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Shead, N. W., Derevensky, J. L., & Paskus, T. S. (2014). Trends in gambling behavior among college student-athletes: A comparison of 2004 and 2008 NCAA survey data. Journal of Gambling Issues, 29(29), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2014.29.18

 Google Scholar

St-Pierre, R. A., Temcheff, C. E., Gupta, R., Derevensky, J., & Paskus, T. S. (2014). Predicting gambling problems from gambling outcome expectancies in college student-athletes. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9355-4

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stuhldreher, W. L., Stuhldreher, T. J., & Forrest, K. Y. (2007). Gambling as an emerging health problem on campus. Journal of American College Health, 56(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.1.75-88

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vinberg, M., Durbeej, N., & Rosendahl, I. (2020). Gambling and gambling problem among elite athletes and their professional coaches: Findings from a Swedish total population survey of participants in four sports. International Gambling Studies, 20(2), 262–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2020.1726990

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vinberg, M., Wetterborg, D., & Enebrink, P. (2021). Gambling at Work: A Qualitative Study of Swedish Elite Athletes, Coaches, and Managers. Journal of Gambling Studies.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Weinstock, J., Whelan, J., Meyers, A., & Watson, J. (2007). Gambling behavior of student athletes and a student cohort: What are the odds? Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-006-9043-3

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Weiss, S. M. (2010). Cross-addiction on campus: More problems for student-athletes. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(10), 1525–1541. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826081003682297

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Weiss, S. M., & Loubier, S. L. (2010). Gambling habits of athletes and nonathletes classified as disordered gamblers. The Journal of Psychology, 144(6), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.503248

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Weiss, S. M., & Loubier, S. L. (2008). Gambling behaviors of former athletes: The delayed competitive effect. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 12(1–2), 53–60.

 Google Scholar