Biodiesel production from low-grade oil using heterogeneous catalyst: an optimisation and ANN modelling

ABSTRACT

In this work, waste chicken eggshell (WCES) was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). The catalyst was prepared via calcination technique. Response Surface Method (RSM) optimisation and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modelling were performed to achieve maximum biodiesel yield. Both models perform reasonably well in achieving maximum biodiesel yield (91%). However, the efficacy of the models was determined with R², R (coefficient of determination), and MSE (mean square error). Results show that the ANN model achieved the highest R² (98.48), R (99.24), and lowest MSE (0.08) compared to the RSM model. This shows that ANN predictive capability was more accurate. The fatty acid composition (FAC) analysis by GCMS reveals that 56.75% unsaturated and 41.99% saturated were recognised. The key physicochemical properties of biodiesel satisfy the standards of ASTMD6751 and EN 14,214.

Keywords:

• Waste cooking oil biodiesel
• waste chicken eggshell catalyst
• RSM and ANN

Nomenclature

ANN:Artificial Neural Network

CaO:Calcium oxide

CC:Catalyst Concentration

FFA:Free Fatty Acids

MMT:Million Metric Tons

MR:Molar Ratio

MSE:Mean Square Error

RSM:Response Surface Method

RTe:Reaction Temperature

RTi:Reaction Time

WCES:Waste Chicken Eggshell

WCO:Waste Cooking Oil

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Aditya Kolakoti

Aditya Kolakoti received his Ph.D. degree in Marine Engineering (Internal Combustion Engines) in 2017 and Masters degree in Marine Engineering and Mechanical Handling in 2013 from the Andhara University, Visakhapatnam, India. Currently, he is Assistant Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, India.

G Satish

G Satish currently working as Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pragati Engineering College, Kakinada, India.