Figures & data
Figure 1. Dual decentralization in the transition economy. Source: Painter and Mok (Citation2008), p. 139.
Figure 2. Number of newly approved transnational cooperation activities by the MOE (1991–2016). Source: MOE (2016), calculated by the authors.
Notes: Available information only includes the Sino-foreign cooperation programs/s colleges/universities, which have been reviewed by the MOE according to the Plan for TNHE Evaluation from 2009 to 2015 (the 2016 evaluation is in process) MOE (2009–2016). The available information may not offer the exact data on the number of approvals from 1990 to 2016 because the information on dissolved ones is inaccessible. However, the figures could demonstrate the overall trend. The number of the new TNHE approvals in 2016 is calculated based on the information revealed on the website until March 19, 2016. Five Sino-foreign cooperation programs (two in Beijing, one in Shanghai, one in Zhejiang, and one in Heilongjiang) and their Chinese partners do not have their certificate numbers on the official MOE website. They are not included in the figures because our inquiry emails did not receive any replies. The ratification of the establishment of the new TNHE is separated into two phases: the preparation and the official establishment phases (Article 13, State Council, Citation2003). The slight increase of new approvals in 2006 may be caused by the ratification of the programs/institutions that have gained the approvals for preparation and met the MOE requirements in 2006. However, a concrete conclusion cannot be derived at this current stage because the number of annual applications is confidential. Nevertheless, the influence of the policies released during the years 2004–2007 on TNHE development is obvious if we compared the total number of newly approved programs or institutions during this period with that of the other years.
Figure 3. Dual decentralization in TNHE. Source: Modified from Painter and Mok (Citation2008), p. 139.
