Designing anticipatory policies through the use of ICTs

Figures & data

Table 1. Different modes to resort to ICTs in suboptimal design spaces in policy formulation.

		Government technical capacity
		High	Low
Government Political Capacity	High	SPACE 1. Optimal Policy Design Recourse to ICTs: Not Likely	SPACE 2. Incoherent Policy Design Recourse to ICTs: Co-Design
	Low	SPACE 3. Adaptive Policy Design Recourse to ICTs: Design fine-tuning	SPACE 4. Poor Policy Design Recourse to ICTs: Crowdsourced policy design

Adaptation from Capano et al. (2016).

Figure 1. Iceland CAC website homepage.

Source: Elaboration from Wayback Machine output (19 July 2011).

Figure 2. Homepage of labuonascuola.gov.it and internal sections for the consultation process.

Figure 3. Homepage of avoinminister.fi in its initial phase.

Source: Elaboration from Wayback Machine output (snapshot from 15 December 2012).

Table 2. Summary of case studies along our proposed analytical framework.

	Iceland	Italy	Finland
Initial policy formulation space	Political capacity: + Technical capacity: –	Political capacity: – Technical capacity: +	Political capacity: – Technical capacity: –
Selected mode of direct collaboration	Policy co-design	Policy design fine-tuning	Crowdsourced policy design
Clarity of the assigned task	Medium	Low	High
Features of the main platform	Website design: Essential but link with institutional process Goal: ensure maximum transparency	Website design: Rich Goal: providing multiple ways to deliver inputs	Website design: simple and interactive Goal: shaping potentially successful proposals
Use of inputs delivered by citizens	Negative (blocked by changed political agendas)	Uncertain (lack of transparency on the use of inputs)	Potentially Positive (intersection with existing policy agenda)

In the first row, + and – indicate, respectively, the availability and the lack of political and/or technical capacity.

Capano, G., Regini, M., & Turri, M. (2016). Changing governance in universities. Italian higher education in comparative perspective. London: Mac-Millan-Palgrave.

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