Securing cross-border collaboration: transgovernmental enforcement networks, organized crime and illicit international political economy

Figures & data

Table 1. Evolution of cross-border enforcement networks

Evolution of IBET/Shiprider	Evolution of MYGALE Taskforce
1996 WA/BC IBET Pilot (Integrated Border Enforcement, 2015) Cross Border Crime Forum discuses IBET (1997) (Canada and US Strengthen, 2004)	NA
9/11 occurs 2001 Smart Border Declaration expands IBETs(US-Canada Smart Border, 2016) 2002: Now four IBET locations (Canada’s Integrated Border)	ACCES Tabac formed as a partnership between Quebec provincial agencies, Sûreté du Québec, municipal police and the national agencies of CBSA and the CRA. (Actions to Reduce, 2011)
2003: Announce intentions to expand IBET into marine enforcement (Watson, 2009) 2005: First Shiprider Pilot – return for more training and longer pilot(Ibid)
2006: Second Pilot (Ibid) 2007: Shiprider engrained in Security and Prosperity Partnership (Ibid) 2007: First training program in South Carolina Two-month pilot leads to seizures of over one million cigarettes, $38,000, 6 direct arrests and contributed to 41 additional arrests. (Ibid)	NA
2009: Shiprider Framework signed (Framework Agreement, 2009) Period of limbo where Shiprider was only for high level security events as it awaited implementation of above legislation 2011: Beyond the Border signed- increased funding (Beyond the Border, 2011)	2010: First investigation to use a taskforce^a 2014: Operation LYCOSE (Police Arrest 28, 2014) 2016: Operation MYGALE (Lau, 2016)

^aInformation from interview with high-level SQ Officer.

Watson, B. (2009). RCMP/USCG: Shiprider program. Frontline Security. Retrieved from http://security.frontline.online/article/2009/2/2700-RCMP/USCG%3A-Shiprider-Program.

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