On the statuary in the garden of Puławy

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Notes

1. Izabela Czartoryska, Myśli Różne o Sposobie Zakładania Ogrodów (Wrocław: Wilhelm Bogumił Korn, 1805); my translation. Next editions: 1807, 1808.

2. Czartoryska (note 1), p. 51. See also: Malcolm Baker, ‘Squabby cupids and clumsy graces: garden sculpture and luxury in eighteenth‐century England’, The Oxford Art Journal, 18/1, 1995, pp. 3–13.

3. Czartoryska (note 1), p. 51.

4. Ibid.

5. Most of the literature relating to Puławy has been published in Polish. For entries in English see: Małgorzata Szafrańska, ‘Puławy’, in Candice Shoemaker (ed.), Encyclopedia of Gardens, History and Design (Chicago: Routledge, 2001); Małgorzata Szafrańska, ‘Puławy’, in Patrick Taylor (ed.), Oxford Companion to Gardens (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); Mieczysław Kseniak, The Czartoryski Family Residence in Puławy (Lublin: Idea Media, 1998). For the most comprehensive introduction to the Puławy literary circle and its interpretation of the gardens see: Alina Aleksandrowicz, Izabela Czartoryska. Polskość i Europejskość (Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie‐Skłodowskiej, 1998). Political aspects of the court of Puławy have been the subject of Jerzy Skowronek, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, 1770–1861 (Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1994); Zofia Gołębiowska, W kręgu Czartoryskich. Wpływy angielskie w Puławach na przełomie XVIII I XIX wieku (Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie‐Skłodowskiej, 2000). An excellent analysis of the collection, still standing the test of time, is to be found in: Zdzisław Żygulski jnr, ‘Dzieje zbiorów puławskich (Swiątynia Sybilli i Dom Gotycki)’. Rozprawy i Sprawozdania Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie, v.7, 1962, pp. 1–265. See also the source to the house of Czartoryski: Ludwik Dębicki, Puławy (1762–1830) (Lwów: Gubrynowicz i Szmidt, 1888), 4 vols.

6. David E. Cooper, A Philosophy of Gardens (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

7. See Norman Davies, God's Playground (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982).

8. The Czartoryskis considered themselves equal if not superior to the king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, to whom they were related and whom they placed on the throne. Their removal of their main residence from Warsaw to Puławy helped to establish a distance between their policies and those of the king.

9. Agnieszka Whelan, ‘The rebirth of Poland and the growth of trees. Politics in the garden from the time of the partitions until 1831’, in Francis Ames‐Lewis and Piotr Paszkiewicz (eds), Art and Politics (Warsaw: Institute of Art, 1999), pp. 45–60; Agnieszka Whelan, ‘Time and history in the eighteenth century garden: the case of Princess Izabela's garden in Puławy, Poland’, Bulletin of the Faculty of Education & Human Sciences Yamanashi University, 2/1, 2001, pp. 282–297.

10. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989).

11. An analysis of the collection was given by Zdzisław Żygulski jnr, ‘Princess Isabel and the Czartoryski Museum’, The Connoisseur, January 1973, pp. 15–24; Żygulski jnr (note 5), pp.144–148.

12. Gniewkowski recited texts written by poet Jan Kruszyński and by the Puławy librarian, Łukasz Gołębiowski. Neither text has survived. See: Żygulski jnr (note 5), p. 227. An interpretation of the collection can be reconstructed from the remaining in manuscript descriptions made by Izabela Czartoryska and members of the household: F. Morawski, M. Wirtemberska, K. z Tańskich Hoffmanowa, D. and A. E. Koźmian, ‘Opis niektórych cenniejszych pamiątek zachowanych w Świątyni Sybilli w Puławach (c.1827)’ Kraków, Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS III 3033.

13. For example, 204 people signed their names in the temple of Sibyl in August of 1816, in: Kraków, Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS 6141, Letter from Izabela Czartoryska to Maria Wirtemberska, Puławy, 29 August 1823. Adam Zamoyski very appropriately calls Polish nobles a cast, rather than a class; such was the variety of cultural and economic backgrounds of Polish nobles: Adam Zamoyski, The Last King of Poland (London: Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 5.

14. See Żygulski jnr (note 5), and his interpretation of the visitors' books, pp. 223–238.

15. Izabela Czartoryska spent the years 1789–1791 in England and left an account of her travels in a diary ‘Tour through England and Scotland’, Kraków, Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS 6066. Zdzisław Żygulski jnr, ‘Shakespeare's chair and the Romantic Journey of Isabel Czartoryska’, Apollo, 11, 1965, pp. 392–397; Zdzisław Żygulski jnr, ‘Szkockie inspiracje ogrodowe Izabeli Czartoryskiej’, Sztuka a Natura. Materialy XXXVIII Sesji Stowarzyszenia Historyków Sztuki 1989r. w Katowicach (Katowice: PWN, 1991, pp. 321–328); Zdzisław Żygulski jnr, ‘Przestrzeń muzealna’, Mecenat, kolekcjoner, odbiorca. Materiały Sesji Stowarzyszenia Historyków Sztuki, Katowice, listopad 1981 (Warszawa: PWN, 1984), pp. 243–255. The mementoes in the Gothic House were described in a three‐volume manuscript, work of the Princess: Izabela Czartoryska, ‘Katalog Domu Gotyckiego’. Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS 2917 I‐III. Rough copies: Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS 3034, 3035. Agnieszka Whelan, ‘Czuła dusza w krajobrazie postępu. Dziennik podróży Izabeli Czartoryskiej po Anglii i Szkocji’, Ogród Puławski w czasach księżny Izabeli oraz perspektywy jego zachowania przy zmianie funkcji. Materiały z konferencji 26 września 1997 r (Puławy: Fundacja Wspierania Historycznego Ogrodu Puławskiego. Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa, 1999), pp. 36–54.

16. Sabina Gostkowska Z Grzegorzewskich, Dziesięć dni w Puławach w roku 1828. Urywek z pamiętnika (Kraków: w drukarni Franciszka Kulczyckiego i sp. 1897), p. 74.

17. Carol Duncan, Civilizing Rituals. Inside Public Art Museums (New York: Routledge, 1995), p. 8. See also: Andrzej Walicki, The Age of Enlightenment and the Birth of Modern Nationhood; Polish Political Thought from Noble Republicanism to Tadeusz Kościuszko (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).

18. Czartoryska (note 1), p. 53.

19. Maria Suchodolska, ‘Ikonografia Puław w twórczości Jana Piotra Norblina’, in: ‘Puławy’, edited by Stanislaw Lorentz, Teka Konserwatorska, z. 5, 1962, pp. 87–106.

20. Grzegorzewska, Dziesięć dni w Puławach, p. 69. [See note 16]

21. The statue came from the royal collection in Warsaw; it was purchased by Prince Jabłonowski and presented as a gift to Puławy in August 1806 as recorded in the accounts in Puławy: Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS (no number) Kasa Generalna – Puławy 1773–1807. Tabele, wykazy. A Conto J.O.Xiężny JMci, sierpień 1806. According to S. Goliński, an inscription at the base read: Morta e Clorinda, disperato vedi/ Della vittoria sua pianger Tancredi, in: Stanisław Goliński, Puławy. Park‐jego dzieje, oblicze i świat roślin, edited by Adam Wołk, Henryk Stasiak, Bogumil Rębowski and Henryk Szymankiewicz (Puławy: Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa w Puławach, 1988). First edition 1924, enlarged edition 1932, p. 93. See also: Euzebiusz Maj, ‘Krajobrazy z “Tankredem i Kloryndą” w puławskim parku XX. Czartoryskich. (W poszukiwaniu utraconego “genius loci” romantycznego ogrodu)’, in: Ogród puławski Przeszłość Przyszłości (Puławy: Fundacja Wspierania Historycznego Ogrodu Puławskiego, Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa, zeszyt 2, 2003), pp. 81–104.

22. Ludgarda was the wife of Przemysł II, before he became the king of Poland. She was supposedly murdered on his orders. The story of her murder was popularized in the eighteenth century in poems and tragedies by Adam Naruszewicz and by poet Franciszek Karpiński, both from the Czartoryski circle.

23. Grzegorzewska, Dziesięć dni w Puławach, p. 76. [See note 16]

24. Aleksandrowicz (note 5), p. 109. Zdzisław Żygulski jnr, Z ikonografii księcia Józefa. Narodziny i wędrowka mitu bohatera. Ikonografia romantyczna (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1977).

25. See the description of the occurrence in: Kraków, Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS III 3978, Gracyan Wereżński, ‘Opis Historyczny Puław, dziś Nowo‐Aleksandryi oraz rys krótki, Biograficzno‐historyczny oraz Rodowód J.O. Xiążąt Czartoryskich na podstawie dzieł historycznych polskich ułożny przez Gracyana Wereżynskiego, b. Rejenta Lubartowskiego wr. 1893 w Lublinie’, p. 17. Also see references to Czartoryska as Flora: Kraków, Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS.6030, letter form Izabela Czartoryska to Adam Kazimierz, Puławy 9 November 1816, p. 363: ‘The district commissar wrote to me poems on a large sheet, he called me the Polish Flora and Pomona, and ended with a supplication for trees and flowers for himself. I ordered two carts sent’.

26. The artist of the drawing is unknown. The Spartan Mother (Matka Spartanka) was written in 1786 by Kajetan Koźmian, a poet from the Czartoryski circle, and was often performed at public gatherings in Puławy, Warsaw, army camps and parliamentary assemblies.

27. Żygulski jnr (note 5).

28. Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS Ew. 492. Percepta Pieniędzy które odbieraią się na Expens Różną Fabryki Puławskiej w Rok 1779. Tabella postanowioney Pensyi Strawne Miesięczne y Roczne Różnym Ludziom y Rzemieślnikom zostaiącym przy Fabryce, Pałacu y Ogrodzie a I‐ma Januar. A.1779.

29. On 23 February 1800 Princess Izabela wrote to her son Adam Jerzy asking for a sculpture of a faun or a panther of a good size for an outdoor display, but not too expensive, because she was concentrating on the building of the Temple of Sibyl. She also thanked him for the sarcophagus of Scipio and the obelisk (pyramid), later used as the commemorative stone for Piramowicz. In: Seweryna Duchińska, Listy księżny Izabelli z hr.Flemmingów Czartoryskiej do starszego syna księcia Adama (Kraków: G.Gebethner i spółka, 1891).

30. Mount Edgcumbe is the only place mentioned in the Thoughts as an example worthy of imitation. Czartoryska might have visited Mount Edgcumbe on her travels, as the detailed description and a clearly emotional impact suggest, but no records have survived there and her own English diary referred only to the itinerary in the summer of 1790 and did not include Mount Edgcumbe. She did not mention ever visiting there in her letters. This is however not surprising: Czartoryska never included recollections of visits or even names of gardens in her rich correspondence.

31. Czartoryska (note 1), p. 54.

32. Ibid.

33. Suchodolska (note 19). This interpretation clearly has much to do with the communist ideology of post war Poland.

34. Peasants usually mowed grass as part of their dues, the pańszczyzna. The palace gardener had under his command three under‐gardeners, four junior under‐gardeners and at least two hands. People working in the palace grounds were paid two and a half times more than in other gardens: 25 groszy, even 1 floren a day, versus 10 groszy elsewhere for a man. Women were paid half of what men earned. Biblioteka Czartoryskich, Rkps 6027, “Ogród Puławski”13 April 1792 and other years. Regestr robiących Ludzi w Ogrodzie Puławskim 3 Junii przez 6 dni 1793.

35. See also the discussion of the hermitage in an associative garden: Edward S. Harwood, ‘Luxurious hermits: asceticism, luxury and retirement in the 18th‐century English garden’, Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes, XX/4, 2000, pp. 265–296.

36. The hermit still lived in his house in 1826: Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS 6087. Rachunek Pieniężny Kassy J.O.Xiężney Pani 1 VII 1820–30 VI 1821. Pensje oficjalistów i służących w 1820/1821 roku. The hermit received yearly one red złoty for making brooms. Biblioteka Czartoryskich Ms.Gosp.63. Tabella opłaty ogrodniczkom od 1 VII‐31 XII 1826. See: Antoni Amborski, ‘Opis Puław z przyległemi okolicami. Jaśnie Oświeconey Xiężnie Elżbiecie Czartoryskiej Wdowód niewygasłey wdzięczności Owoc niedościgły swey pracy poświęca wierny sługa. Włostowice 1829’, p. 25, Kraków, Biblioteka Polskiej Akademii Nauk, MS 582, Puławy Biblioteka JUNG Xerox copy no 57903.

37. Antoni Amborski (1803–1869) was an alumnus of the Puławy Palace Institute for School Teachers and Organists. On his graduation, he became headmaster of the elementary school in Włostowice in the estate of Puławy.

38. Czartoryska (note 1), p. 52.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. Carving in the bark of trees had a tradition in the family circle: four generations of Czartoryskis carved their names in the tree in Castle Howard. The tree is no longer there. In: Jadwiga Zamoyska, Wspomnienia, edited by Maria Czapska (Londyn: B. Świderski, 1961). Izabela left an account of an inscription dedicated to her and carved into a poplar tree by Marshal Potocki. The words To Polka (She is a Pole) were a pun on the name of the tree: topola. In: Kraków, Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS 6067, Izabela Czartoryska, Memoirs et petits divers, p. 98.

42.. ‘Podróż po Kępie Puławskiej. (Opisana w r. 1828.)’ in: Pokłosie. Zbieranka Literacka na Korzyść Sierot (Leszno, Ernest Gunther, 1853), p. 32.

43. It is not known what type of tree it was.

44. Gracyan Wereżyński, ‘Opis Historyczny Puław’ (note 25), p. 23.

45. Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, Polityką kieruje nie tylko interes ale i moralność, edited by Jerzy Skowronek (Warszawa: Neriton, 1992). Jerzy Skowronek, Adam Jerzy Czartoryski 1770–1861 (Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1994).

46. Biblioteka Czartoryskich, Puławy, 4 October 1823. Letter from Izabela Czartoryska to Maria Wirtemberska (to Pilica): ‘There is on the Kepa a pretty little spot where the lawn is so fresh, shaded by good trees. I put there a beautiful cross from cut stones on a marble base with steps and other accessories. I have on the stones theses words “The cross of Maria”’.

47. ‘Podróż po Kępie Puławskiej’, p. 26. [See note 42]

48. Biblioteka Czartoryskich, Rkps 6141, Izabela Czartoryska to Maria Wirtemberska, Sieniawa, 18.1.1818.

49. Stanislaw Goliński gives another version of the inscription in: Goliński (note 21), p. 101.‘A Jaques Delille. Vallons qu'il a cheri, coteaux qu'il a chante/Gonflez que parmi vous ce monument repose,/Qu'un peoplier le couvre et qu'un ruisseau arrose’.Yet another version was recorded by Amborski, 1829 (note 36), p. 49:‘A l'ombre des bois pres des moissons doreesDes vertes prairies des riants compagnesL'amitie place le souvenir de celuiQui ait si bien les chanter’.

50. Aleksandrowicz (note 5), p. 32. Jaques Delille, Les jardins. Poeme. Nouvelle edition considerablement augumentee (Paris, 1801) 2nd edition, Song 1.

51. Amborski (note 36), p. 53.