The stakeholder analysis for SEA of Chinese foreign direct investment: the case of ‘One Belt, One Road’ initiative in Pakistan

Figures & data

Figure 1. Chinese investment in the China–Pakistan economic corridor. Source: Government of Pakistan, 2015.

Figure 2. Power versus interest grid, with knowledge and attitude about Chinese FDI in Pakistan as attribute for stakeholders.

Figure 3. Social network for Chinese investment in Pakistan with stakeholder weights (score on 1 (lowest)–5 (highest) scale shows the closeness degree among stakeholders).

Notes: The categories in this figure are the groups that stakeholders have contact with and mentioned in the questionnaire, instead of the respondents.

Figure 4. Social and environmental impact for the top concerns by stakeholder groups in the process of Chinese FDI in Pakistan (a. Government; b. Academia; c. Enterprise; d. Others).

Figure 5. Prioritization matrix of social and environmental impacts in the process of Chinese FDI in Pakistan.

Table 1. The key environmental issues in Pakistan.

	Key environmental issues		Criticality
Air	PM2.5 air pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO guideline value (% of total)	99.99% (2013)	0.8
	CO2 emissions (kg per 2005 US$ of GDP)	1.23 (2011)	0.83
Water	Water productivity, total (constant 2005 US$ GDP per cubic meter of total freshwater withdrawal)	0.78 (2013)	0.96
	Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters)	303.54 (2013)	0.85
	Improved water source (% of population with access)	91.4% (2015)	0.64
	Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access)	63.5% (2015)	0.69
Biodiversity	GEF benefits index for biodiversity (0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum)	4.88 (2008)	0.26
	Forest area (% of land area)	2.02% (2013)	0.89

Note:

The criticality is calculated by dividing the rank of Pakistan by the total number of the ranked countries. The bigger value (closer to 1) indicate the lower ranker (maximum = 1, minimum = 0).

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (2008–2015).

Table 2. Scoring table used to investigate stakeholders’ characteristics.

Parameter	Scores
Knowledge about Chinese FDI in Pakistan	1. No knowledge
	2. Some knowledge
	3. Good idea
	4. Plenty of knowledge
	5. Complete, accurate and total knowledge
Interest about Chinese FDI in Pakistan	1. No interest
	2. Little interest
	3. Moderate interest
	4. Considerable interest
	5. Great interest
Attitude towards Chinese FDI in Pakistan	-Strongly negative
	-Negative
	-Neutral
	-Positive
	-Strongly positive
Involvement during the process of Chinese FDI in Pakistan	1. Not at all
	2. To a little extent
	3. To a moderate extent
	4. To a considerable extent
	5. To a large extent
Information available about Chinese FDI in Pakistan	1. None
	2. A bit
	3. Moderate
	4. A lot
	5. Extensive
Influence towards other stakeholders during the process of Chinese FDI in Pakistan	1. No influence
	2. Little influence
	3. Moderate influence
	4. Considerable influence
	5. Great influence

Table

No.		−2	−1	0	1	2	No idea
1	Air quality
2	Climate change (change in mean rainfall, risk of flooding)
3	Water quality
4	Availability of clean drinking water
5	Water resources consumption
6	Underground water depletion
7	Deforestation
8	Total number of threatened species
9	Energy use
10	Renewable energy use
11	Energy demand management
12	Energy efficiency
13	Accessible to electricity
14	Area of agriculture land
15	Area of green spaces for public use
16	Urbanization
17	Employment rate
18	Transportation convenience

Table

No.		1	2	3	4	5
1	Air pollution
2	Climate change (change in mean rainfall, risk of flooding)
3	Water contamination
4	Drinking water safety
5	Water resources shortage
6	Underground water depletion
7	Deforestation
8	Total number of threatened species
9	Energy shortage
10	Renewable energy use
11	Energy demand management
12	Energy inefficiency
13	Accessible to electricity
14	Loss of agriculture land
15	Reduction of green spaces for public use
16	Urbanization
17	Employment rate
18	Transportation convenience

[WB] The World Bank. 2008–2015. World Development Indicators [Internet]. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators

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