Labour precarity in the visitor economy and decisions to move out

Figures & data

Figure 1. The proposed model.

Table 1. Occupational sectors included in our definition of tourism work.

Macro-sector	Sub-sector (CNAE-09 code)
Transport and warehousing	Passenger rail transport, interurban (49.1) Other passenger land transport (49.3) Sea and coastal passenger water transport (50.1) Passenger air transport (51.1) Other transportation support activities (52.2)
Accommodation	Hotels and similar accommodation (55.1) Holiday and other short-stay accommodation (55.2) Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks (55.3) Other accommodation (55.9) Restaurants and mobile food services (56.1) Event catering and other food services (56.2) Beverage serving activities (56.3)
Rental and leasing activities	Rental and leasing of motor vehicles (77.1) Travel agency and tour operator activities (79.1) Other reservation service and related activities (79.9) Organization of conventions and trade shows (82.3)
Creative, arts and entertainment activities	Creative arts and entertainment activities (90.0) Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities (91.0) Amusement and recreation activities (93.2)

Table 2. Degree of precarity of tourism vs. non-tourism workers.

	Tourism workers	Non-tourism workers	t-test
Mean log wage (2008)	4.15	4.29	t = –11.2***
Mean log wage (2013)	4.18	4.33	t = –11.4***
Mean log wage (2019)	4.30	4.42	t = –10.9***
Coefficient of temporality (2008)	.64	.51	t = 10.1***
Coefficient of temporality (2013)	.67	.53	t = 10.5***
Coefficient of temporality (2019)	.64	.53	t = 8.4***
Discontinuity (2008)	2.6	1.8	t = 6.2***
Discontinuity (2013)	2.4	1.7	t = 4.3***
Discontinuity (2019)	2.6	1.6	t = 5.1***

*** (p ≤ .001),

**(p ≤ .01), and

*(p ≤ .05).

Table 3. Description of the main outcome variable – Moving out of Barcelona, 2013–2019.

	Men	Women	Young	Adults	Nationals	Non-nationals
Moved out	349	287	195	441	549	87
Resident in Barcelona in 2019	3,862	4,151	1,322	6,687	7,371	642
% who moved out	8.3	6.5	12.9	6.2	6.9	11.9

Table 4. Model output, STDYX standardization.

Dependent variables	Predictors	Males	Females	Young	Adults	Nationals	Non-nationals
Tourism work (2013)	Tourism work (2008)	.756*** (.010)	.717*** (.007)	.542*** (.022)	.800*** (.005)	.749*** (.005)	.645*** (.077)
Mean log wage (2013)	Tourism work (2013)	–.139*** (.014)	–.099*** (.013)	–.072** (.023)	–.110*** (.010)	–.096*** (.010)	–.093** (.036)
Coefficient of temporality (2013)	Tourism work (2013)	.064*** (.018)	.064*** (.018)	.053 (.030)	.072*** (.014)	.060*** (.013)	.016 (.039)
Discontinuity (2013)	Tourism work (2013)	.003 (.010)	.044*** (.008)	.001 (.017)	.029*** (.008)	.034*** (.008)	–.057** (.020)
Moving out of Barcelona (2013-2019)	Tourism work (2013)	.011 (.026)	.071** (.026)	.048 (.041)	.039 (.021)	.049* (.019)	–.079 (.063)
	Mean log wage (2013)	–.086** (.031)	–.069* (.030)	–.002 (.039)	–.054* (.025)	–.058** (.023)	–.062 (.068)
	Coefficient of temporality (2013)	–.009 (.029)	.022 (.033)	–.077 (.047)	.016 (.024)	.004 (.022)	–.007 (.068)
	Discontinuity (2013)	–.040 (.048)	.067** (.022)	–.031 (.046)	.036* (.017)	.035* (.017)	–.075 (.244)
	Dependent new-born (2013-2019)	.083*** (.021)	.091*** (.021)	.101** (.036)	.061*** (.017)	.088*** (.016)	.089 (.053)
	Share of work outside Barcelona (2013-2019)	–.127 (.101)	–.051 (.095)	–.106 (.130)	–.106 (.086)	–.108 (.088)	–.065 (.123)
	Tourism work (2008) → Tourism work (2013)	.009 (.019)	.051** (.018)	.026 (.022)	.031 (.017)	.037* (.014)	–.051 (.041)
	Tourism work (2013) → Mean log wage (2013)	.012** (.004)	.007* (.003)	.000 (.003)	.006* (.003)	.005* (.002)	.006 (.007)
	Tourism work (2013) → Coefficient of temporality (2013)	–.001 (.002)	.001 (.002)	–.004 (.004)	.001 (.002)	.000 (.001)	.000 (.001)
	Tourism work (2013) → Discontinuity (2013)	.000 (.000)	.003** (.001)	.000 (.001)	.001* (.001)	.001* (.001)	.004 (.014)
N		4,211	4,440	1,517	7,130	7,921	730
x^2/df		5.5		6.4		3.6
CFI/TLI		.94/.90		.94/.88		.97/.94
RMSEA		.03		.03		.02

*** (p ≤ .001),

**(p ≤ .01), and

*(p ≤ .0).

Data availability statement

The data supporting this study’s findings are available from the Spanish Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for this study.