Urban tourism transitions: doughnut economics applied to sustainable tourism development

Figures & data

Figure 1. The doughnut of social and planetary boundaries.

Credit: Kate Raworth and Christian Guthier. CC-BY-SA 4.0. Source: Raworth, 2017.

Table 1. Overview of participating cities.

City	Size in population	Character of city	Location (province)	Type of organisation	Number of participants	Date
Utrecht	361.924	Historic	Utrecht	City DMO & regional DMO	11	08-07-2021
The Hague	552.995	Historic	Zuid-Holland	City DMO	9	09-12-2021
Haarlem	162.914	Historic	Noord-Holland	City DMO	4	14-12-2021
Breda	184.716	Historic	Noord-Brabant	City DMO	4	16-12-2021
Hoorn	74.331	Historic	Noord-Holland	Municipality & regional DMO	10	20-12-2021
Almere	218.096	Modern	Flevoland	City DMO	7	23-12-2021
Rotterdam	655.473	Modern	Zuid-Holland	City DMO & Municipality	9	15-03-2022

Table 2. Internal and external barriers faced by DMOs and municipalities.

External barriers (Stewart et al., 2016)	Internal barriers (Stewart et al., 2016)
Belief that other stakeholders are not always willing to cooperate towards sustainability	Political dimension (Bolman & Deal, 2008) Lack of time or resources
Other stakeholders are required to make a sustainable transition in tourism	Human dimension (Bolman & Deal, 2008) Not knowing where to start (feeling of overwhelm) Lack of knowledge and expertise
(Perceived) lack of sustainable infrastructure	Structural dimension (Bolman & Deal, 2008) The way the DMO is organised and the tasks that they are assigned Problem of defining Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s)
Lack of regulations that facilitate sustainable development in the tourism sector	Cultural dimension (Bolman & Deal, 2008) Growth- or money motivation prevailing

Raworth, K. (2017). Doughnut economics: Seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist. Chelsea Green Publishing.

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Stewart, R., Bey, N., & Boks, C. (2016). Exploration of the barriers to implementing different types of sustainability approaches. Procedia CIRP, 48, 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.04.063

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Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2008). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley & Sons.

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