Does tolerance matter? A comparative study of well-being of persons in same-sex and mixed-sex unions across nine European countries

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the sample.

	N	Min.	Max.	Weighted mean	Unweighted mean	Standard deviation
Mixed-sex unions
Well-being	65,688	1	3	2.67	2.68	0.39
Depressive symptoms	35,151	1	4	1.27	1.28	0.45
Living together	66,883	0	1	0.88	0.90	0.30
Child in household	66,883	0	1	0.53	0.55	0.50
Relationship duration	66,883	0	66	19.93	20.34	15.09
Female	66,883	0	1	0.51	0.54	0.50
Age	66,883	17	85	46.09	46.25	14.91
Education
High	66,883	0	1	0.26	0.27	0.27
Average	66,883	0	1	0.49	0.52	0.50
Low	66,883	0	1	0.25	0.21	0.41
Unemployed	66,883	0	1	0.07	0.07	0.06
Migration background	66,883	0	1	0.15	0.11	0.31
Same-sex unions
Well-being	503	1	3	2.71	2.71	0.38
Depressive symptoms	262	1	4	1.32	1.34	0.54
Living together	518	0	1	0.77	0.76	0.42
Child in household	518	0	1	0.27	0.26	0.44
Relationship duration	518	0	58	14.38	13.93	13.79
Female	518	0	1	0.41	0.46	0.50
Age	518	18	80	43.37	44.19	14.03
Education
High	518	0	1	0.37	0.43	0.50
Average	518	0	1	0.44	0.40	0.50
Low	518	0	1	0.19	0.17	0.38
Unemployed	518	0	1	0.06	0.06	0.06
Migration background	518	0	1	0.17	0.13	0.34
Country level
Informal institutional context	9	−1.81	1.58		−0.09	1.10
	5	−0.87	1.58		0.33	0.97
Formal institutional context	9	2	6		3.25	1.43
	5	2	6		3.54	1.43

Figure 1. Country-level correlation between the tolerance measures.

Figure 2. The relation of the effect size of being in a same-sex union on well-being with tolerance on the country level.

Table 2. Regression results for social well-being and depressive feelings: unstandardized b-coefficients.

	Social well-being						Depressive feelings
	M1a	M2a	M3a	M3a men	M3a women	M4a	M1b	M2b	M3b	M4b
Main predictors
Same-sex union (1 = yes)	0.026	0.004	−0.023	−0.003	−0.042	−0.094^†	0.057*	0.067*	0.075*	0.138
	(0.017)	(0.016)	(0.019)	(0.025)	(0.028)	(0.048)	(0.028)	(0.027)	(0.033)	(0.086)
Same-sex * IIC			0.067**	0.082**	0.044				−0.016
			(0.023)	(0.031)	(0.036)				(0.034)
Same-sex * FIC						0.024*				−0.017
						(0.011)				(0.019)
Controls
Female (1 = yes)		−0.009**	−0.009**			−0.009**		0.157***	0.157***	0.157***
		(0.003)	(0.003)			(0.003)		(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Other controls	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Country dummies	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Constant	2.682***	2.831***	2.831***	2.904***	2.780***	2.831***	1.281***	1.269***	1.269***	1.269***
	(0.002)	(0.014)	(0.014)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.014)	(0.002)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.023)
Observations	66,191	66,191	66,191	30,820	35,371	66,191	35,413	35,413	35,413	35,413

Note: Standard errors in parentheses.

^†p < .100, *p < .050, **p < .010, ***p < .001.

Source: GGP wave 1.

Table 3. Robustness analyses of different subgroups: unstandardized b-coefficients.

		Same-sex * IIC		Same-sex * FIC
Subgroup	N	Coefficient	SE	Coefficient	SE
excluding AT	62,325	0.0655**	0.0238	0.0234*	0.0118
excluding BE	60,703	0.0629**	0.0240	0.0227^†	0.0135
excluding BG	57,101	0.0726**	0.0254	0.0234*	0.0117
excluding CZ	60,311	0.0619*	0.0247	0.0205^†	0.0120
excluding DE	59,563	0.0680**	0.0243	0.0280*	0.0132
excluding FR	59,083	0.0676**	0.0232	0.0252*	0.0115
excluding NL	60,915	0.0677**	0.0236	0.0306*	0.0132
excluding NO	55,492	0.0850*	0.0334	0.0266*	0.0117
excluding PL	54,035	0.0623*	0.0259	0.0218^†	0.0118
Living together	59,604	0.0874**	0.0275	0.0272*	0.0131
Full sample	66,191	0.0673**	0.0234	0.0244*	0.0114

Note: ^†p < .100, *p < .050, **p < .010, ***p < .001.

Source: GGP wave 1.