Interethnic weak ties online and out-group attitudes among Dutch ethnic majority adolescents

Figures & data

Table 1. Inclusion criteria for the analyses among Dutch ethnic majority adolescents.

	Observations
Inclusion in descriptive and cross-sectional inferential analyses:
W4 of the CILSNL (N = 3030)
Public friend list on Facebook (N = 2672)
Number of observations meeting these criteria	2190
Inclusion in longitudinal inferential analyses:
W4 of the CILSNL (N = 3030)
W3 of the CILS4EU (N = 3160)
Public friend list on Facebook (N = 2672)
Number of observations meeting these criteria	1793

Figure 1. Dutch ethnic majority out-group attitudes on average and split by ethnic group.

Note: The number of bins vary as two of the metrics average out-group attitude across groups.

Figure 2. The number of interethnic contacts on Facebook for Dutch majority adolescents.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for the control variables.

	Mean	SD	Min.	Max.	Observations
Out-group best friend (1 – Yes)	0.128	–	0	1	2190
Sex (1 – Girl)	0.539	–	0	1	2150
Education (1 – ‘Higher education’)	0.474	–	0	1	2183
Age in months W4	219.711	6.549	173.753	241.381	2121
Trust others (1 – Yes)	0.527	–	0	1	2188
Hours FB per day	1.725	1.004	1	5	2136
FB network size/100	3.367	1.733	0.010	13.780	2120

Table 3. Regressing negative out-group attitudes on the number of interethnic contacts on Facebook.

Negative attitudes towards …	… out-groups		… Turks		… Moroccans		… Dutch Carib.
	Coef.	p^a	Coef.	p	Coef.	p	Coef.	p
	(SE)^b		(SE)		(SE)		(SE)
Interethnic contacts on FB
# Interethnic	−0.016	***
	(0.005)
# Turkish			−0.060	***
			(0.012)
# Moroccan					−0.059	***
					(0.013)
# Dutch Caribbean							−0.027
							(0.014)
FB network size/100	0.093	**	0.103	***	0.128	***	0.060
	(0.030)		(0.031)		(0.033)		(0.033)
Control variables
Out-gr. best friend (1 – Yes)	−0.197		−0.207		−0.054		−0.275
	(0.166)		(0.177)		(0.192)		(0.175)
Sex (1 – Girl)	−0.585	***	−0.453	***	−0.987	***	−0.443	***
	(0.094)		(0.104)		(0.109)		(0.098)
Education (1 – Higher educ.)	−0.502	***	−0.516	***	−0.491	***	−0.502	***
	(0.093)		(0.103)		(0.109)		(0.097)
Age in months	−0.011		−0.020	**	−0.020	*	−0.002
	(0.007)		(0.008)		(0.008)		(0.007)
Trust in others (1 – Yes)	−0.873	***	−0.850	***	−0.984	***	−0.823	***
	(0.093)		(0.103)		(0.108)		(0.098)
Hours FB per day	0.102	*	0.110	*	0.154	**	0.068
	(0.049)		(0.054)		(0.056)		(0.052)
Constant	7.722	***	9.685	***	10.599	***	5.391	***
	(1.508)		(1.711)		(1.793)		(1.627)
R-squared	0.082		0.069		0.096		0.064
Observations	2037		2042		2041		2038

^a Two-sided p-values: * < .05; ** < .01; *** < .001.

^b Robust standard errors.

Table 4. Regressing negative out-group attitudes on the number of interethnic contacts on Facebook and out-group attitudes t − 1.^a

Negative attitudes towards …	… out-groups		… Turks		…  Moroccans		…  Dutch Carib.
	Coef.	p^b	Coef.	p	Coef.	p	Coef.	p
	(SE)^c		(SE)		(SE)		(SE)
t − 1 Neg. attitudes towards …
… ethnic out-groups	0.569	***
	(0.026)
… Turks			0.533	***
			(0.024)
… Moroccans					0.567	***
					(0.023)
… Dutch Caribbean							0.546	***
							(0.027)
Interethnic contacts on FB
# Interethnic	−0.010	*
	(0.005)
# Turkish			−0.031	*
			(0.013)
# Moroccan					−0.034	*
					(0.013)
# Dutch Caribbean							−0.025
							(0.014)
FB network size/100	0.065	*	0.095	**	0.072	*	0.060
	(0.031)		(0.031)		(0.031)		(0.032)
R-squared	0.356		0.321		0.377		0.327
Observations	1344		1542		1542		1353

^a Control variables as found in Table 3 are part of this model, but not shown for parsimony.

^b Two-sided p-values: * < .05; ** < .01; *** < .001.

^c Robust standard errors.

Table 5. Regressing negative out-group attitudes on the logged number of interethnic contacts on Facebook.^a

Negative attitudes towards …	… out-groups		… Turks		…  Moroccans		…  Dutch Carib.
	Coef.	p^b	Coef.	p	Coef.	p	Coef.	p
	(SE)^c		(SE)		(SE)		(SE)
Interethnic contacts on FB
log(# Interethnic + 1)	−0.536	***
	(0.154)
log(# Turkish + 1)			−0.713	***
			(0.155)
log(# Moroccan + 1)					−0.641	***
					(0.169)
log(# Dutch Caribbean + 1)							−0.357
							(0.186)
FB network size/100	0.113	***	0.112	***	0.135	***	0.064
	(0.032)		(0.032)		(0.034)		(0.034)
R-squared	0.083		0.068		0.095		0.064
Observations	2037		2042		2041		2038

^a Control variables as found in Table 4 are part of this model, but not shown for parsimony.

^b Two-sided p-values: * < .05; ** < .01; *** < .001.

^c Robust standard errors.

Table 6. Regressing negative out-group attitudes on the logged number of interethnic contacts on Facebook and out-group attitudes t − 1.^a

Negative attitudes towards …	… out-groups		… Turks		…  Moroccans		…  Dutch Carib.
	Coef.	p^b	Coef.	p	Coef.	p	Coef.	p
	(SE)^c		(SE)		(SE)		(SE)
t−1 Neg. attitudes towards …
… ethnic out-groups	0.568	***
	(0.026)
… Turks			0.534	***
			(0.024)
… Moroccans					0.567	***
					(0.023)
… Dutch Caribbean							0.545	***
							(0.024)
Interethnic contacts on FB
log(# Interethnic + 1)	−0.399	*
	(0.159)
log(# Turkish + 1)			−0.406	**
			(0.154)
log(# Moroccan + 1)					−0.418	*
					(0.167)
log(# Dutch Caribbean + 1)							−0.329
							(0.186)
FB network size/100	0.084	**	0.104	***	0.080	*	0.063
	(0.031)		(0.031)		(0.032)		(0.033)
R-squared	0.357		0.321		0.377		0.327
Observations	1344		1542		1542		1353

^a Control variables as found in Table 3 are part of this model, but not shown for parsimony.

^b Two-sided p-values: * < .05; ** < .01; *** < .001.

^c Robust standard errors.

Figure 3. Predicted values for out-group attitudes for both the linear and logarithmic number of out-group contacts on Facebook (based on results from Tables 3 and 5).